In linguistics and grammar, conjugation has two basic meanings.^[1] One meaning is the creation of derived forms of a verb from basic forms, or principal parts.

The second meaning of the word conjugation is a group of verbs which all have the same pattern of inflections. Thus all those Latin verbs which in the present tense have 1st singular -ō, 2nd singular -ās, and infinitive -āre are said to belong to the 1st conjugation, those with 1st singular -eō, 2nd singular -ēs and infinitive -ēre belong to the 2nd conjugation, and so on. The number of conjugations of regular verbs is usually said to be four.

The word "conjugation" comes from the Latin coniugātiō, a calque of the Greek συζυγία (syzygia), literally "yoking together (horses into a team)".

For examples of verbs and verb groups for each inflectional class, see the Wiktionary appendix pages for first conjugation, second conjugation, third conjugation, and fourth conjugation.

Number of conjugations

The ancient Romans themselves, beginning with Varro (1st century BC), originally divided their verbs into three conjugations (coniugationes verbis accidunt tres: prima, secunda, tertia "there are three different conjugations for verbs: the first, second, and third" (Donatus), 4th century AD), according to whether the ending of the 2nd person singular had an a, an e or an i in it.^[2] However, others, such as Sacerdos (3rd century AD), Dositheus (4th century AD) and Priscian^[3] (c. 500 AD), recognised four different groups.^[4]

In modern times grammarians^[5] generally recognise four conjugations according to the ending of the active infinitive: namely -āre, -ēre, -ere, or -īre, for example: (1) amō, amāre "to love", (2) videō, vidēre "to see", (3) regō, regere "to rule" and capiō, capere "to capture", (4) audiō, audīre "to hear". (3rd conjugation verbs ending in -iō such as capiō are sometimes known as "mixed conjugation" since they use a mixture of 3rd and 4th conjugation endings.)

In addition to regular verbs, which belong to one or other of the four regular conjugations, there are also a few irregular verbs, which have a different pattern of endings. The most frequent of these is the verb sum, esse "to be" together with its prefixed derivatives.

There also exist deponent Latin verbs, which though active in meaning have endings identical to the passive endings of ordinary verbs. Examples in the different conjugations are: (1) moror, morārī "to delay", (2) polliceor, pollicērī "to promise", (3) sequor, sequī "to follow" and regredior, regredī "to go back", (4) mentior, mentīrī "to lie (tell a lie)". Some verbs are semi-deponent, using passive forms for the perfect tenses only.

Principal parts

A verb's full paradigm relies on multiple stems. The present indicative active and the present infinitive are both based on the present stem.

It is not possible to infer the stems for other tenses from the present stem. This means that, although the infinitive active form normally shows the verb conjugation, knowledge of several different forms is necessary to be able to confidently produce the full range of forms for any particular verb.

In a dictionary, Latin verbs are listed with four "principal parts" (or fewer for deponent and defective verbs), which allow the student to deduce the other conjugated forms of the verbs. These are:

1. the first person singular of the present indicative active
2. the present infinitive active
3. the first person singular of the perfect indicative active
4. the supine or, in some grammars, the perfect passive participle, which uses the same stem. (Texts that list the perfect passive participle use the future active participle for intransitive verbs.) Some verbs lack this principal part altogether.

Regular conjugations

First conjugation

The first conjugation is characterized by the vowel ā and can be recognized by the -āre ending of the present active infinitive form. The infectum tenses conjugate as follows (see also their meaning):

* The 2nd person singular passive amāberis, amābāris, amēris, amārēris can be shortened to amābere, amābāre, amēre, amārēre. -re was the regular form in early Latin and (except in the present indicative) in Cicero; -ris was preferred later.^[6]

In early Latin (Plautus), the 3rd singular endings -at and -et were pronounced -āt and -ēt with a long vowel.^[6]

Other forms:

• Infinitive: amāre "to love"
• Passive infinitive: amārī "to be loved" (in early Latin often amārier)^[6]
• Imperative: amā! (pl. amāte!) "love!"
• Future imperative: amātō! (pl. amātōte!) "love! (at a future time)"
• Indirect imperative: amātō! (pl. amantō!) "let him love!"
• Passive imperative: amāre! (pl. amāminī!) "be loved!" (usually only found in deponent verbs)
• Passive future imperative: amātor! (pl. amātōminī!) "be loved! (at a future time)"
• Passive indirect imperative: amātor! (pl. amantor!) "let him be loved!"
• Present participle: amāns (pl. amantēs) "loving"
• Future participle: amātūrus (pl. amātūrī) "going to love"
• Gerundive: amandus (pl. amandī) "needing to be loved"
• Gerund: amandī "of loving", amandō "by/for loving", ad amandum "in order to love"

The principal parts usually adhere to one of the following patterns:

• The perfect has the suffix -āvī. The majority of first-conjugation verbs follow this pattern, which is considered to be "regular", for example:
  • amō, amāre, amāvī, amātum, "to love";
  • imperō, imperāre, imperāvī, imperātum, "to order";
  • laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātum, "to praise";
  • negō, negāre, negāvī, negātum, "to deny";
  • nūntiō, nūntiāre, nūntiāvī, nūntiātum, "to announce, report";
  • ōrō, ōrāre, ōrāvī, ōrātum, "to beg, pray";
  • parō, parāre, parāvī, parātum, "to prepare";
  • portō, portāre, portāvī, portātum, "to carry";
  • pugnō, pugnāre, pugnāvī, pugnātum, "to fight";
  • putō, putāre, putāvī, putātum, "to think";
  • rogō, rogāre, rogāvī, rogātum, "to ask";
  • servō, servāre, servāvī, servātum, "to save";
  • vocō, vocāre, vocāvī, vocātum, "to call";

• The perfect has the suffix -uī, for example:
  • fricō, fricāre, fricuī, frictum, "to rub";
  • secō, secāre, secuī, sectum, "to cut, to divide";
  • vetō, vetāre, vetuī, vetitum, "to forbid, to prohibit";

• The perfect has the suffix -ī and vowel lengthening in the stem, for example:
  • iuvō, iuvāre, iūvī, iūtum, "to help, to assist";
  • lavō, lavāre, lāvī, lautum, "to wash, to bathe";

• The perfect is reduplicated, for example:
  • dō, dare, dedī, datum, "to give"
  • stō, stāre, stetī, statum, "to stand";

The verb dō "I give" is irregular in that except in the 2nd singular dās and imperative dā, the a is short, e.g. dabō "I will give".

The a is also short in the supine statum and its derivatives, but the other parts of stō "I stand" are regular.

Deponent verbs in this conjugation all follow the pattern below, which is the passive of the first type above:^[7]

• arbitror, arbitrārī, arbitrātus sum "to think"
• cōnor, cōnārī, cōnātus sum "to try"
• cūnctor, cūnctārī, cūnctātus sum "to hesitate"
• hortor, hortārī, hortātus sum "to exhort"
• mīror, mīrārī, mīrātus sum "to be surprised, to be amazed at"
• moror, morārī, morātus sum "to delay, stay"

Perfect tenses

The three perfectum tenses of the 1st conjugation go as in the following table:

In poetry (and also sometimes in prose, e.g. Livy), the 3rd person plural of the perfect indicative is often amāvēre instead of amāvērunt. Occasionally the form amāverunt is also found.^[8]

In early Latin, the future perfect indicative had a short i in amāveris, amāverimus, amāveritis, but by the time of Cicero these forms were usually pronounced with a long i, in the same way as in the perfect subjunctive.^[9] Virgil has a short i for both tenses; Horace uses both forms for both tenses; Ovid uses both forms for the future perfect, but a long i in the perfect subjunctive.^[10]

The -v- of the perfect active tenses sometimes drops out, especially in the pluperfect subjunctive: amāssem for amāvissem. Forms such as amārat and amāstī are also found.

The passive tenses also have feminine and neuter forms, e.g. amāta est "she was loved", nūntiātum est "it was announced".

Forms made with fuī instead of sum and forem instead of essem are also found, for example amātus fuī, amātus fuerō, amātus forem and so on, but these are not common in classical Latin. See Latin tenses.

For other meanings of the perfect and pluperfect subjunctive, see Latin tenses#Jussive subjunctive.

Other forms:

• Perfect infinitive active: amāvisse (amāsse) "to have loved"
• Perfect infinitive passive: amātus esse (amātum esse) "to have been loved"
• Perfect participle passive: amātus, -a, -um "loved (by someone)"

Second conjugation

The second conjugation is characterized by the vowel ē, and can be recognized by the -eō ending of the first person present indicative and the -ēre ending of the present active infinitive form:

The passive videor also often means "I seem".

Other forms:

• Infinitive: vidēre "to see"
• Passive infinitive: vidērī "to be seen"
• Imperative: vidē! (pl. vidēte!) "see!"
• Future imperative: vidētō! (pl. vidētōte!) "see! (at a future time)"
• Passive imperative: vidēre! (pl. vidēminī!) "be seen!" (usually only found in deponent verbs)
• Present participle: vidēns (pl. videntēs) "seeing"
• Future participle: vīsūrus (pl. vīsūrī) "going to see"
• Gerundive: videndus (pl. videndī) "needing to be seen"
• Gerund: videndī "of seeing", videndō "by /for seeing", ad videndum "in order to see"

The principal parts usually adhere to one of the following patterns:

• The perfect has the suffix -uī. Verbs which follow this pattern are considered to be "regular". Examples:
  • dēbeō, dēbēre, dēbuī, dēbitum "to owe, be obliged"
  • doceō, docēre, docuī, doctum "to teach, to instruct"
  • iaceō, iacēre, iacuī, iacitum "to lie (on the ground/bed)"
  • mereō, merēre, meruī, meritum "to deserve"
  • misceō, miscēre, miscuī, mixtum "to mix"
  • moneō, monēre, monuī, monitum "to warn, advise"
  • noceō, nocēre, nocuī, nocitum "to be harmful"
  • praebeō, praebēre, praebuī, praebitum "to provide, show"
  • teneō, tenēre, tenuī, tentum "to hold, to keep"
  • terreō, terrēre, terruī, territum "to frighten, to deter"
  • timeō, timēre, timuī, – "to fear"
  • valeō, valēre, valuī, (valitum) "to be strong"

• The perfect has the suffix –ēvī. Example:
  • dēleō, dēlēre, dēlēvī, dēlētum "to destroy"
  Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Latin_conjugation
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