A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | CH | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9
Kgalagadi | |
---|---|
Kalahari | |
'SheKgalagadi | |
Native to | Botswana |
Ethnicity | Kgalagadi |
Native speakers | 65,400 (2015)[1] |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | xkv |
Glottolog | kgal1244 |
S.311 (ex-S.31d) [2] | |
ELP | Kgalagadi |
Linguasphere | 99-AUT-eh incl. varieties 99-AUT-eha to 99-AUT-ehc |
Kgalagadi is a Bantu language spoken in Botswana, along the South African border. It is spoken by about 40,000 people.[3] In the language, it is known as Shekgalagari.
Classification
Kgalagadi (also rendered Kgalagari, Kgalagarhi, Kgalagari, Khalagari, Khalakadi, Kxhalaxadi, Qhalaxarzi, Shekgalagadi, Shekgalagari, Kqalaqadi) is most closely related to Tswana, and until recently was classified as a dialect of Tswana.[2]
Dialects include Shengologa, Sheshaga, Shebolaongwe, Shelala, Shekhena, Sheritjhauba and Shekgwatheng.
Phonology
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i | u | |
Close-mid | e ~ ɪ | o ~ ʊ | |
Open-mid | ɛ | ɔ | |
Open | a |
- Close-mid vowels /e, o/ are frequently heard as near-close sounds among speakers in free variation.
Consonants
Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Post- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plain | lab. | plain | lab. | plain | lab. | |||||||
Stop | voiceless | p | t̪ | c | cʷ | k | q | |||||
aspirated | pʰ | t̪ʰ | cʰ | cʰʷ | kʰ | qʰ | ||||||
voiced | b | d̪ | ɟ | g | ||||||||
Affricate | voiceless | t͡s | t͡sʷ | t͡ʃ | t͡ʃʷ | |||||||
aspirated | t͡sʰ | t͡sʰʷ | t͡ʃʰ | t͡ʃʰʷ | ||||||||
voiced | (d͡z) | d͡ʒ | ||||||||||
Fricative | voiceless | s | ʃ | ʃʷ | χ | h | ||||||
voiced | z | ʒ | ʒʷ | (ɦ) | ||||||||
Nasal | m | n̪ | ɲ | ŋ | ||||||||
Trill | r | |||||||||||
Approximant | l | j | w |
- Click sounds /ʘ, ǀŋ, ǃŋ/ are also said to occur, but mostly in rare cases.[4]
- A voicelss trill may also occur phonemically among dialects, and may also be pronounced as breathy in intervocalic positions.
- /r/ may also be heard as a flap .
- /qʰ/ may also be heard as in free variation.
- Sounds /z, ʒ/ can be pronounced in free variation as affricates in the Bolaongwe dialect
- /h/ is can be heard as voiced when in intervocalic positions.[5]
Notes and references
- ^ "Kgalagadi". Ethnologue. Retrieved 14 August 2018.
- ^ a b Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online
- ^ Kgalagadi language at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Solé, Maria-Josep; Hyman, Larry M.; Monaka, Kemmonye C. (2009). More on Post-nasal Devoicing: The Case of Shekgalagari. UC Berkeley PhonLab Annual Report, 5. pp. 299–320.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location (link) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Dickens, Patrick J. (1986). Qhalaxarzi phonology. University of the Witwatersrand.
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