Kalyptorhynchia

Kalyptorhynchia
	Gyratrix hermaphroditus.
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Platyhelminthes
Order:	Rhabdocoela
Suborder:	Kalyptorhynchia; Graff, 1905
Infraorders
	Eukalyptorhynchia; Schizorhynchia;

Kalyptorhynchia is a suborder of rhabdocoel flatworms. It contains almost 600 species and has a cosmopolitan distribution.^[1]

Description

All kalyptorhynchs have an anterior muscular proboscis which is used to capture prey. The proboscis is located inside an invagination of the epidermis called the proboscis-sheath that is closed by a sphincter at the tip of the body.^[1] Another synapomorphy supporting the group is the incorporation of the axonemes within the cell body of sperm cells during spermiogenesis.^[2]

Classification

Kalyptorhynchs are traditionally classified into two infraorders: Eukalyptorhynchia, with a cone-shaped proboscis, and Schizorhynchia, with a proboscis formed by two opposite parallel muscular sheets.^[1] However, molecular studies have shown that Eukalyptorhynchia is not a monophyletic group and further studies are necessary to improve the knowledge about the relationships of the different kalyptorhynch clades.^[1]^[2]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Smith, Julian P. S., III; Litvaitis, Marian K.; Gobert, Stefan; Uyeno, Theodore; Artois, Tom (2015). "Evolution and Functional Morphology of the Proboscis in Kalyptorhynchia (Platyhelminthes)". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 55 (2): 205–216. doi:10.1093/icb/icv056. ISSN 1540-7063. PMC 4612338. PMID 26002347.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ ^a ^b Willems, Wim R.; Wallberg, Andreas; Jondelius, Ulf; Littlewood, David T. J.; Backeljau, Thierry; Schockaert, Ernest R.; Artois, Tom J. (2006). "Filling a gap in the phylogeny of flatworms: relationships within the Rhabdocoela (Platyhelminthes), inferred from 18S ribosomal DNA sequences". Zoologica Scripta. 35 (1): 1–17. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2005.00216.x. hdl:1942/1609. ISSN 0300-3256. S2CID 85917387.

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[Smith2015-1] Smith, Julian P. S., III; Litvaitis, Marian K.; Gobert, Stefan; Uyeno, Theodore; Artois, Tom (2015). "Evolution and Functional Morphology of the Proboscis in Kalyptorhynchia (Platyhelminthes)". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 55 (2): 205–216. doi:10.1093/icb/icv056. ISSN 1540-7063. PMC 4612338. PMID 26002347.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[Willems2006-2] Willems, Wim R.; Wallberg, Andreas; Jondelius, Ulf; Littlewood, David T. J.; Backeljau, Thierry; Schockaert, Ernest R.; Artois, Tom J. (2006). "Filling a gap in the phylogeny of flatworms: relationships within the Rhabdocoela (Platyhelminthes), inferred from 18S ribosomal DNA sequences". Zoologica Scripta. 35 (1): 1–17. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2005.00216.x. hdl:1942/1609. ISSN 0300-3256. S2CID 85917387.

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[2]

Kalyptorhynchia

Gyratrix hermaphroditus.
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Platyhelminthes
Order:	Rhabdocoela
Suborder:	Kalyptorhynchia Graff, 1905
Infraorders
Eukalyptorhynchia Schizorhynchia