In optics, polarized light can be described using the Jones calculus,^[1] invented by R. C. Jones in 1941. Polarized light is represented by a Jones vector, and linear optical elements are represented by Jones matrices. When light crosses an optical element the resulting polarization of the emerging light is found by taking the product of the Jones matrix of the optical element and the Jones vector of the incident light. Note that Jones calculus is only applicable to light that is already fully polarized. Light which is randomly polarized, partially polarized, or incoherent must be treated using Mueller calculus.

Jones vector

The Jones vector describes the polarization of light in free space or another homogeneous isotropic non-attenuating medium, where the light can be properly described as transverse waves. Suppose that a monochromatic plane wave of light is travelling in the positive z-direction, with angular frequency ω and wave vector k = (0,0,k), where the wavenumber k = ω/c. Then the electric and magnetic fields E and H are orthogonal to k at each point; they both lie in the plane "transverse" to the direction of motion. Furthermore, H is determined from E by 90-degree rotation and a fixed multiplier depending on the wave impedance of the medium. So the polarization of the light can be determined by studying E. The complex amplitude of E is written

${\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}E_{x}(t)\\E_{y}(t)\\0\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}E_{0x}e^{i(kz-\omega t+\phi _{x})}\\E_{0y}e^{i(kz-\omega t+\phi _{y})}\\0\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}E_{0x}e^{i\phi _{x}}\\E_{0y}e^{i\phi _{y}}\\0\end{pmatrix}}e^{i(kz-\omega t)}.}$

Note that the physical E field is the real part of this vector; the complex multiplier serves up the phase information. Here ${\displaystyle i}$ is the imaginary unit with ${\displaystyle i^{2}=-1}$.

The Jones vector is

${\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}E_{0x}e^{i\phi _{x}}\\E_{0y}e^{i\phi _{y}}\end{pmatrix}}.}$

Thus, the Jones vector represents the amplitude and phase of the electric field in the x and y directions.

The sum of the squares of the absolute values of the two components of Jones vectors is proportional to the intensity of light. It is common to normalize it to 1 at the starting point of calculation for simplification. It is also common to constrain the first component of the Jones vectors to be a real number. This discards the overall phase information that would be needed for calculation of interference with other beams.

Note that all Jones vectors and matrices in this article employ the convention that the phase of the light wave is given by ${\displaystyle \phi =kz-\omega t}$, a convention used by Hecht. Under this convention, increase in ${\displaystyle \phi _{x}}$ (or ${\displaystyle \phi _{y}}$) indicates retardation (delay) in phase, while decrease indicates advance in phase. For example, a Jones vectors component of ${\displaystyle i}$ (${\displaystyle =e^{i\pi /2}}$) indicates retardation by ${\displaystyle \pi /2}$ (or 90 degree) compared to 1 (${\displaystyle =e^{0}}$). Collett uses the opposite definition for the phase (${\displaystyle \phi =\omega t-kz}$). Also, Collet and Jones follow different conventions for the definitions of handedness of circular polarization. Jones' convention is called: "From the point of view of the receiver", while Collett's convention is called: "From the point of view of the source." The reader should be wary of the choice of convention when consulting references on the Jones calculus.

The following table gives the 6 common examples of normalized Jones vectors.

Polarization	Jones vector	Typical ket notation
Linear polarized in the x direction Typically called "horizontal"	${\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}1\\0\end{pmatrix}}}$	${\displaystyle |H\rangle }$
Linear polarized in the y direction Typically called "vertical"	${\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}0\\1\end{pmatrix}}}$	${\displaystyle |V\rangle }$
Linear polarized at 45° from the x axis Typically called "diagonal" L+45	${\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}{\begin{pmatrix}1\\1\end{pmatrix}}}$	${\displaystyle |D\rangle ={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}{\big (}|H\rangle +|V\rangle {\big )}}$
Linear polarized at −45° from the x axis Typically called "anti-diagonal" L−45	${\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}{\begin{pmatrix}1\\-1\end{pmatrix}}}$	${\displaystyle |A\rangle ={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}{\big (}|H\rangle -|V\rangle {\big )}}$
Right-hand circular polarized Typically called "RCP" or "RHCP"	${\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}{\begin{pmatrix}1\\-i\end{pmatrix}}}$	${\displaystyle |R\rangle ={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}{\big (}|H\rangle -i|V\rangle {\big )}}$
Left-hand circular polarized Typically called "LCP" or "LHCP"	${\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}{\begin{pmatrix}1\\+i\end{pmatrix}}}$	${\displaystyle |L}$Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Jones_calculus Text je dostupný za podmienok Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License 3.0 Unported; prípadne za ďalších podmienok. Podrobnejšie informácie nájdete na stránke Podmienky použitia.  Navigácia: Veda > Analytika Antropológia Aplikované vedy Bibliometria Dejiny vedy Encyklopédie Filozofia vedy Forenzné vedy Humanitné vedy Knižničná veda Kryogenika Kryptológia Kulturológia Literárna veda Medzidisciplinárne oblasti Metódy kvantitatívnej analýzy Metavedy Metodika Metodológia vedy Náboženstvo a veda Náučná literatúra Podvody vo vede Popularizácia vedy Potravinárstvo Prírodné vedy Pseudoveda Scientometria Spoločenské vedy Teórie Teatrológia Technické vedy Technika Terminológia Umenie Výskum Veda Veda a technika podľa štátu Veda a technika podľa kontinentu Veda a technika podľa roka Veda v kozme Vedci Vedecká literatúra Vedecké databázy Vedecké experimenty Vedecké konferencie Vedecké metódy Vedecké ocenenia Vedecké organizácie Vedecké parky Vedeckí spisovatelia Vzdelávanie Záhady Príbuzné výrazy: Text je dostupný za podmienok Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License 3.0 Unported; prípadne za ďalších podmienok. Podrobnejšie informácie nájdete na stránke Podmienky použitia. www.astronomia.sk | www.biologia.sk | www.botanika.sk | www.dejiny.sk | www.economy.sk | www.elektrotechnika.sk | www.estetika.sk | www.farmakologia.sk | www.filozofia.sk | Fyzika | www.futurologia.sk | www.genetika.sk | www.chemia.sk | www.lingvistika.sk | www.politologia.sk | www.psychologia.sk | www.sexuologia.sk | www.sociologia.sk | www.veda.sk I www.zoologia.sk