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Jalandhar
jullundar | |
|---|---|
Clockwise from top: Devi Talab Mandir, Gurdwara Sri Singh Sahba, St. Mary's Cathedral, Jalandhar, Guru Ravidass Dham in Bootan Mandi, Guru Gobind Singh Stadium, Jalandhar Cantonment, Gandhi Stadium. | |
  Jalandhar  Jalandhar | |
| Coordinates: 31°15′25″N 75°26′36″E / 31.2569°N 75.4432°E | |
| Country |  India |
| State | Punjab |
| District | Jalandhar |
| Named for | In Water |
| Government | |
| • Type | Democratic |
| • Body | Political |
| • Divisional Commissioner | Veerendra Kumar Meena, IAS[1] |
| • Deputy Commissioner | Ms. Deepshikha Sharma, IAS[2] |
| • Member of Parliament | Sushil Kumar Rinku, Aap |
| • Mayor | Jagdish Raja[3] |
| Area | |
| • Total | 1,016 sq mi (2,632 km2) |
| • Rank | 3rd in Punjab |
| Elevation | 748 ft (228 m) |
| Population (2011) | |
| • Total | 868,929 |
| • Density | 2,190/sq mi (847/km2) |
| Demonym | Jalandhariye |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 144 001 |
| Area code | 0181 |
| Vehicle registration | PB08, PB90, PB37 PB67, PB33 |
| Literacy | 75.3% |
| Nearest city | Kapurthala |
| HDI |  0.451 Low |
| sex ratio | 922 females per 1000 male |
| Language | Punjabi |
| Website | jalandhar |
Jalandhar is a city in the state of Punjab in India. With a considerable population, it ranks as the third most-populous city in the state and is the largest city in the Doaba region. Jalandhar lies alongside the historical Grand Trunk Road and is a well-connected junction for both rail and road networks.
The city is located 148 km (92 mi) northwest of the state capital Chandigarh, 83.5 km (51.9 mi) southeast of the city of Amritsar, and 61.3 km (38.1 mi) north of Ludhiana. The national capital, Delhi, is approximately 381 km (237 mi).
The National Highway 1 (NH1), crosses Jalandhar, further enhancing its connectivity.
History
The history of Jalandhar District comprises three periods — ancient, medieval and modern.
Ancient
The city may be named after Jalandhara, a Nath Guru who was from here.[citation needed] The city was founded by Devasya Verma as mentioned in the Vedas. Other possibilities include that it was the capital of the kingdom of Lava, son of Rama or that the name derives from the vernacular term Jalandhar, meaning area inside the water, i.e., tract lying between the two rivers Satluj and Beas.[5] The whole of Punjab and the area of present Jalandhar District was part of the Indus Valley Civilization. Harappa and Mohenjo-daro are the sites where remains of the Indus Valley civilisation have been found extensively. The archaeological explorations made during recent years have pushed the ancient times of Jalandhar District of the Harappa period. Jalandhar was known as Prasthala during the Vedic period and it was the capital of the Trigarta Kingdom.[6]
Medieval
Jalandhar and the Doaba may have been conquered around 1070 by the Ghaznavids during the reign of Ibrahim of Ghazni.[7] The city was conquered by Raja Jasrat in 1431.[8] It later formed part of the province of Lahore during the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire. The 18th century saw upheaval in Jalandhar amidst an anarchy caused by the disintegration of the Mughals and power struggles involving Persians, Afghans and Sikhs. It was captured by the Faizullahpuria Misl in 1766, and in 1811 Maharaja Ranjit Singh incorporated it within the Sikh Empire.[9]
In 1849, following the annexation of the Punjab by the East India Company, the city of Jalandhar, written in English as Jullundur by company officials, became the headquarters of the division and District of the same name. In 1858, company rule in India ended and the city became part of the British Raj. In the mid to late 19th century, the Punjab administration regarded Jullundur as too densely populated and farmed to capacity. This led to the district being a chief recruitment area for settlers to colonise the newly irrigated Punjab Canal Colonies, in western Punjab.[10]
Modern
The Khilafat Movement started in the district in the early 1920s to bring pressure on the government to change their policy towards Turkey. Mahatma Gandhi extended sympathy and support to this movement, however in response, the District was declared a 'Proclaimed Area' under the Seditious Meetings Act. In 1924, Pakistani general and military dictator Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq was born in the city.
Prior to the partition of India, Muslims were in plurality in Jalandhar. According to the 1941 census, Muslims made up 45.2% of the population, compared to Hindus and Sikhs being 27.6% and 26.5% respectively.[11] Within a period of 10 years, from 1941 to 1951, the Muslim population in Jalandhar reduced from 45.2% to 0.2%.[11]
Geography
Climate
The city has a humid subtropical climate with cool winters and long, hot summers. Summers last from April to June and winters from November to February. Temperatures in the summer vary from average highs of around 48 °C (118 °F) to average lows of around 25 °C (77 °F). Winter temperatures have highs of 19 °C (66 °F) to lows of −7 °C (19 °F). The climate is dry on the whole, except during the brief southwest monsoon season during July and August. The average annual rainfall is about 70 cm. In 2018, Jalandhar witnessed unusually heavy rainfall, with an over 20% increase from average rainfall levels.[12] Since it is located in the northern plains, the area feels quite cold during winters and very hot during summers.
Rainfall
The city receives an average annual rainfall of approximately 70 cm. However, fluctuations are not uncommon, as observed in 2018 when Jalandhar experienced a significant increase in precipitation. The city registered over a 20% increase from its average rainfall that year, which marked it as a year of heavy rainfall.
Despite the variations in climate across seasons, one thing remains constant: the extremity of temperatures, with winters feeling notably cold, and summers, feelings markedly hot due to Jalandhar's location in the northern plains.
| Climate data for Jalandhar | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 19.4 (66.9) |
21.6 (70.9) |
26.0 (78.8) |
34.5 (94.1) |
39.4 (102.9) |
40.6 (105.1) |
34.1 (93.4) |
33.1 (91.6) |
32.6 (90.7) |
31.5 (88.7) |
27.2 (81.0) |
22.3 (72.1) |
30.2 (86.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 6.2 (43.2) |
8.6 (47.5) |
13.2 (55.8) |
19.0 (66.2) |
23.8 (74.8) |
25.6 (78.1) |
24.7 (76.5) |
25.8 (78.4) |
21.8 (71.2) |
18.3 (64.9) |
12.1 (53.8) |
7.2 (45.0) |
17.2 (63.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 10.7 (0.42) |
16.7 (0.66) |
32.8 (1.29) |
15.2 (0.60) |
20.4 (0.80) |
69.7 (2.74) |
155.2 (6.11) |
183.6 (7.23) |
60.0 (2.36) |
1.5 (0.06) |
6 (0.2) |
15 (0.6) |
586.8 (23.07) |
| Source: [13] | |||||||||||||
Demographics
Population
As per the 2011 census, Jalandhar had a population of 868,929, of which 460,811 were male, and 408,118 female. The literacy rate is 86.20%: for males are 88.81% and females 83.26%. Children of 0-6 years are 90,044 (10.36%), with a sex ratio of 867 females per 1000 males. Scheduled Castes are 27.26% of the population.[14]
Religion
As per the census of 2011, Hinduism is the predominant religion in Jalandhar city, with adherents of Sikhism being a significant minority.
| Religious group |
1881[17][18]: 520 | 1891[19]: 68 | 1901[20]: 44 | 1911[21]: 20 | 1921[22]: 23 | 1931[23]: 26 | 1941[16]: 32 | 2011 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | |
Islam 
|
31,326 | 60.1% | 38,994 | 58.9% | 40,081 | 59.17% | 40,903 | 58.59% | 42,261 | 59.52% | 52,577 | 59.06% | 80,242 | 59.31% | 12,744 | 1.47% |
Hinduism 
|
18,514 | 35.52% | 23,085 | 34.87% | 24,715 | 36.49% | 23,383 | 33.49% | 24,253 | 34.16% | 30,833[b] | 34.63% | 48,375[b] | 35.76% | 650,863 | 74.9% |
Jainism 
|
373 | 0.72% | 347 | 0.52% | 471 | 0.7% | 438 | 0.63% | 477 | 0.67% | 1,014 | 1.14% | 768 | 0.57% | 3,203 | 0.37% |
Sikhism 
|
363 | 0.7% | 2,274 | 3.43% | 901 | 1.33% | 3,636 | 5.21% | 2,686 | 3.78% | 3,003 | 3.37% | 4,676 | 3.46% | 185,869 | 21.39% |
Christianity 
|
— | — | 1,569 | 2.37% | 1,543 | 2.28% | 1,440 | 2.06% | 1,322 | 1.86% | 1,533 | 1.72% | 977 | 0.72% | 8,889 | 1.02% |
Zoroastrianism 
|
— | — | 3 | 0% | 22 | 0.03% | 18 | 0.03% | 9 | 0.01% | 70 | 0.08% | — | — | — | — |
Buddhism .svg){kind=small}
|
— | — | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | — | — | 1,407 | 0.16% |