A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | CH | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9
Jê | |
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Jê–Kaingang, Gê, Ye | |
Ethnicity | Gê peoples |
Geographic distribution | Brazil |
Linguistic classification | Macro-Jê
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Subdivisions | |
Glottolog | jeee1236 |
Jê languages proper (clear yellow) and other Macro-Jê languages (dark yellow) in modern times. Shadowed area represent approximately extension in the past. |
The Jê languages (also spelled Gê, Jean, Ye, Gean), or Jê–Kaingang languages, are spoken by the Jê, a group of indigenous peoples in Brazil.
Genetic relations
The Jê family forms the core of the Macro-Jê family. Kaufman (1990) finds the proposal convincing.
Family division
According to Ethnologue (which omits Jeikó), the language family is as follows:
- Jeikó (†)
- Northern Jê
- Central Jê
- Southern Jê
- Xokleng (760 speakers)
- Kaingáng
- Kaingáng (18,000 speakers)
- São Paulo Kaingáng (†)
- Ingain (†)
- Guayana (†)
Ramirez (2015)
Internal classification of the Jê languages according to Ramirez, et al. (2015):[1]
- Jê
- Southern Jê (dialect continuum)
- Northern Jê
Ramirez excludes Jaikó as a possibly spurious language.
Nikulin (2020)
According to Nikulin (2020), the internal branching of the Jê language family is as follows:[2][3]
- Jê
- Paraná
- Cerrado
- Akuwẽ
- Goyaz Jê
- Southern Kayapó
- Mossâmedes dialect
- Triângulo dialect
- Northern Jê
- Timbíra
- Trans-Tocantins
- Apinajé
- Trans-Araguaia
- Mẽbêngôkre (dialects: Xikrín, Kayapó)
- Tapajós
- Southern Kayapó
Some sound changes and lexical innovations that define various Jê subgroups:[4]
- Proto-Southern Jê *a < *Proto-Jê *ô
- Proto-Cerrado *wa < Proto-Jê *ô
- Proto-Goyaz Jê: *am, *um, *ɨm > *ãm, *ũm, *ɨ̃m
- Proto-Northern Jê: replacement of *kakũm ‘dry season’ (as in Panará akũŋ and Proto-Central Jê transl. mis – transl. '*wahum) with *aŋgrə
- Proto-Timbíra: *c > *h
- Proto-Trans-Tocantins: replacement of *a-mbə ‘eat (intransitive)’ with *ap-ku
Varieties
Below is a full list of Jê language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties.[5]
Jê language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968)
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Vocabulary
Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.[5]
Language | Branch | head | eye | tongue | hand | one | two | three |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mehín | Timbirá I | i-xreː | ntó | i-yotó | i-nuxrá | püti | ibiaklüte | inklüt |
Tajé | Timbirá I | pá-krẽ | ntó | pá-yõtó | pá-ushrá | |||
Krenjé | Timbirá I | í-xu | ntó | pá-yõtó | pá-ükra | mbuchíd | ibyashüd | nkri |
Remkoka-Mekran | Timbirá I | pa-krãn | pa-ntó | pa-ñató | pa-nukra | puchite | hibiakruke | inkri |
Aponegikran | Timbirá I | i-kra | i-nthó | i-ñoto | i-ninkráy | hapuchiti | ipiakautu | inkré |
Krenkatajé | Timbirá I | hõ-ató | hõ-krá | buchití | daikrut | donkré | ||
Sakamekran | Timbirá II | i-krã | i-tó | yontou | u-krá | |||
Purekamekran | Timbirá II | i-klan | i-notho | |||||
Makamekran | Timbirá II | i-kran | ñóto | i-nontó | ñukrá | püchit | äklúte | glé |
Apinagé | Timbirá II | is-kran | i-nto | ñoto | ñukra | pushi | adkrúte | adrun-ati |
Karaho | Timbirá II | i-kran | i-nto | yoto | ñukra | ita | ökrüd | inkrä |
Menren | Timbirá II | pa-kran | i-tó | i-yukrá | pitit | emkröt | enkrí | |
Kayapó | Kayapó I | i-kran | i-ntó | i-ñoto | i-nikra | pudi | amaikrut | |
Iraamráire | Kayapó I | krã | no | i-ñoto | nikra | púdi | amaikrut | |
Gorotiré | Kayapó II | krã | nó | ñótó | nikra | püdyi | amaigru | |
Duludi | Kayapó II | hueh-noh | hue-nohdoh | hue-nigrah | ||||
Metotíre | Kayapó II | i-kran | i-nó | i-ñotó | i-nikra | |||
Gradaú | Kayapó II | i-kran | i-naká | i-ñoto | i-nikra | podzyi | ameikrut | |
Xikrí | Kayapó II | krãn | nó | ontó | nikrá | pudí | amaikrut | amaikrutkieket |
Usikrin | Kayapó II | no | ||||||
Southern Kayapó | Kayapó II | i-ikran | i-ntó | tsuto | shikria | |||
Kapiekran | Krao | ñukrá | ||||||
Krahó | Krao | krãn | hitó | hioptó | nikrá | puchite | hibiakruke | nkri |
Piokobjé | Krao | nkrãn | ntó | to | nkrá | pechäte | hibiakrót | nkri |
Krikati | Krao | i-krã | i-tó | i-yukrá | itá pochet | netá ipekrot | itá ikri | |
Suyá | Eastern | wa-kurá | woa-ndó | wã-notó | wa-ñikó | |||
Xavante | Eastern | da-kän | da-to | da-nonto | dé-iperé | simisi | maipoänä | skudaton |
Xerente | Eastern | da-krãn | da-tó | da-noitó | da-nipikra | shimishi | poñkámen | mepráne |
Xakriabá | Eastern | da-kran | da-toman | da-shipigrá | hemerotong | prané | eskumantong | |
Akroá | Eastern | ai-krán | aí-nthó | aso-inthó | as-subkrá | |||
Jeicó | Jeicó | grang-blá | a-lepú | ä-netá | ä-nänong |
Language | Branch | water | fire | sun | jaguar | tapir | bow |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mehín | Timbirá I | kú | kühü | pud | erb | kuxrüd | xúhi |
Tajé | Timbirá I | kú | kúhü | püt | oróp | kuxüd | kúhi |
Krenjé | Timbirá I | kú | kúxü | püd | orób | kukrüdn | kúhi |
Remkoka-Mekran | Timbirá I | kó | kuxú | pud | oróbo | kukrúte | kuːhí |
Aponegikran | Timbirá I | kó | koxʔhó | pútu | orópa | ||
Krenkatajé | Timbirá I | goxé | put | oropi | kuhé | ||
Sakamekran | Timbirá II | ko | put | kuhẽ | |||
Purekamekran | Timbirá II | gó | kuhü | put | rop | guklüthe | |
Makamekran | Timbirá II | gó | köyhé | büt | róp | kokreyuti | kuché |
Apinagé | Timbirá II | inkó | kukuvu | buré | robo | koklüte | gutye |
Karaho | Timbirá II | kó | kukuvu | put | robo | kokräti | kuhä |
Menren | Timbirá II | ko | koró | putiri | orótuk | kokrét | kuhẽ |
Kayapó | Kayapó I | ngo | kuwú | mut | róp | kukrot | dzyuzyé |
Iraamráire | Kayapó I | no | kuö | mút | rob | kukrüt | dzyudzye |
Gorotiré | Kayapó II | ngó | kuwü | mud | rob | kukrüd | dyúdye |
Duludi | Kayapó II | ||||||
Metotíre | Kayapó II | ingo | kua | mut | rokronre | kukrut | dudzye |
Gradaú | Kayapó II | ngo | kui | mut | rab | kukrit | dzyudzyä |
Xikrí | Kayapó II | ngou | kuã | maːt | róp | diudieː | |
Usikrin | Kayapó II | ngo | kóã | mud | rokrari | kokrít | derätukä |
Southern Kayapó | Kayapó II | piñkó | ichiú | itputi | napiá | idzhúta | ishé |
Kapiekran | Krao | ku | kusshi | amikru | |||
Krahó | Krao | kó | kuvrú | amkró | rob | kutkrút | Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Jê_languages