A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | CH | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9
| 2023 Atlantic hurricane season | |
|---|---|
 Season summary map | |
| Seasonal boundaries | |
| First system formed | January 16, 2023 |
| Last system dissipated | October 28, 2023 |
| Strongest storm | |
| Name | Lee |
| • Maximum winds | 165 mph (270 km/h) (1-minute sustained) |
| • Lowest pressure | 926 mbar (hPa; 27.35 inHg) |
| Seasonal statistics | |
| Total depressions | 21 |
| Total storms | 20 |
| Hurricanes | 7 |
| Major hurricanes (Cat. 3+) | 3 |
| Total fatalities | 18 total |
| Total damage | > $4.19 billion (2023 USD) |
| Related articles | |
The 2023 Atlantic hurricane season was the fourth-most active Atlantic hurricane season on record with 20 named storms forming,[nb 1] tied with 1933. Among them, 7 became hurricanes, with 3 reaching major hurricane strength.[nb 2] The season also had an above‑normal accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) rating of 148, despite the presence of the 2023–24 El Niño event, which typically results in less activity, and had the most storms for an El Niño year on record, largely due to record-warm sea surface temperatures across the Atlantic. The season officially began on June 1 and ended on November 30. These dates, adopted by convention, historically describe the period in each year when most tropical cyclogenesis occurs in the Atlantic. However, the formation of subtropical or tropical cyclones is possible at any time of the year, as demonstrated by the formation of a subtropical storm on January 16, the earliest start of an Atlantic hurricane season since Hurricane Alex in January 2016.[2] At the time, the system was assessed as non-tropical by the National Hurricane Center (NHC), resulting in it staying unnamed.
June saw two tropical storms—Bret and Cindy—form in the tropical Atlantic (south of 23.5°N, east of 60°W) for the first time on record. The former made landfall on Saint Vincent. An unprecedented stretch of activity commenced in late August.[3] Tropical Storm Harold struck southern Texas on August 22, and Hurricane Franklin made landfall in the Dominican Republic as a tropical storm the following day, with the latter reaching peak intensity as a high-end Category 4 hurricane and bringing tropical-storm-force winds to Bermuda. After briefly attaining Category 4 strength on August 30, Hurricane Idalia made landfall in Florida as a Category 3 hurricane. In early September, Hurricane Lee rapidly intensified into a Category 5 hurricane, then later made multiple landfalls in Atlantic Canada as a strong extratropical cyclone. Later that month, Tropical Storm Ophelia made landfall in North Carolina. In October, both Tropical Storm Philippe, the longest-lived tropical cyclone in the Atlantic this year,[4] and Hurricane Tammy made landfall on Barbuda. Also that month, Tropical Depression Twenty‑One made landfall in Nicaragua. With Tammy's dissipation on October 28, the season effectively ended, as no tropical cyclones formed thereafter. The systems of this season collectively produced at least $4.19 billion (USD)[nb 3] in damage, and caused 16 fatalities.
Despite the above-normal activity this season, El Niño‑enhanced wind shear prevented most storms from significantly strengthening. Additionally, the El Niño event weakened the Bermuda High, allowing systems to curve northward or take more easterly tracks out to sea, as opposed to being pushed westward towards the continental United States, Mexico, or Central America. As a result, only a few systems impacted land or caused significant damage this season, with just three making landfall in the U.S.[5][6] For the first time since the 2014 season, no names were retired this year by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO).[7]
Seasonal forecasts
| Source | Date | Named storms |
Hurricanes | Major hurricanes |
Ref |
| Average (1991–2020) | 14.4 | 7.2 | 3.2 | [8] | |
| Record high activity | 30 | 15 | 7† | [9] | |
| Record low activity | 1 | 0† | 0† | [9] | |
| TSR | December 6, 2022 | 13 | 6 | 3 | [10] |
| TSR | April 6, 2023 | 12 | 6 | 2 | [11] |
| UA | April 7, 2023 | 19 | 9 | 5 | [12] |
| CSU | April 13, 2023 | 13 | 6 | 2 | [13] |
| NCSU | April 13, 2023 | 11–15 | 6–8 | 2–3 | [14] |
| MU | April 27, 2023 | 15 | 7 | 3 | [15] |
| UPenn | May 1, 2023 | 12–20 | N/A | N/A | [16] |
| SMN | May 4, 2023 | 10–16 | 3–7 | 2–4 | [17] |
| NOAA | May 25, 2023 | 12–17 | 5–9 | 1–4 | [18] |
| UKMO* | May 26, 2023 | 20 | 11 | 5 | [19] |
| TSR | May 31, 2023 | 13 | 6 | 2 | [20] |
| CSU | June 1, 2023 | 15 | 7 | 3 | [21] |
| UA | June 16, 2023 | 25 | 12 | 6 | [22] |
| CSU | July 6, 2023 | 18 | 9 | 4 | [23] |
| TSR | July 7, 2023 | 17 | 8 | 3 | [24] |
| UKMO | August 1, 2023 | 19 | 9 | 6 | [25] |
| CSU | August 3, 2023 | 18 | 9 | 4 | [26] |
| TSR | August 8, 2023 | 18 | 8 | 3 | [27] |
| NOAA | August 10, 2023 | 14–21 | 6–11 | 2–5 | [28] |
| Actual activity | 20 | 7 | 3 | [3] | |
| * June–November only † Most recent of several such occurrences. (See all) | |||||
In advance of, and during, each hurricane season, several forecasts of hurricane activity are issued by national meteorological services, scientific agencies, and research groups. More than 25 forecasts were made for the 2023 Atlantic hurricane season.[29] Among them were forecasts from the United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)'s Climate Prediction Center, Mexico's Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (SMN), Tropical Storm Risk (TSR), the United Kingdom's Met Office (UKMO), and Philip J. Klotzbach, William M. Gray and their associates at Colorado State University (CSU). The forecasts include weekly and monthly changes in significant factors that help determine the number of tropical storms, hurricanes, and major hurricanes within a particular year. According to NOAA and CSU, the average Atlantic hurricane season between 1991 and 2020 contained roughly 14 tropical storms, seven hurricanes, three major hurricanes, and an accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) index of 74–126 units.[30] Broadly speaking, ACE is a measure of the power of a tropical or subtropical storm multiplied by the length of time it existed. It is only calculated for full advisories on specific tropical and subtropical systems reaching or exceeding wind speeds of 39 mph (63 km/h). NOAA typically categorizes a season as above-average, average, or below-average based on the cumulative ACE index, but the number of tropical storms, hurricanes, and major hurricanes within a hurricane season is sometimes also considered.[8]
Pre-season forecasts
On December 6, 2022, TSR released the first early prediction for the 2023 Atlantic season, predicting a slightly below average year with 13 named storms, 6 hurricanes, and 3 major hurricanes.[10] Their updated prediction on April 6, 2023, called for a similar number of hurricanes, but reduced the number of named storms and major hurricanes by one.[11] The following day, the University of Arizona (UA) posted their forecast calling for a very active season featuring 19 named storms, 9 hurricanes, 5 major hurricanes, and an ACE index of 163 units.[12] On April 13, CSU researchers released their prediction calling for 13 named storms, 6 hurricanes, 2 major hurricanes, and an ACE index of 100 units.[31] On April 27, University of Missouri (MU) issued their predictions of 10 named storms, 4 between categories one and two, and 3 major hurricanes.[15] On May 1, University of Pennsylvania (UPenn) released their forecast for 12 to 20 named storms.[16] On May 4, SMN issued its forecast for the Atlantic basin, anticipating 10 to 16 named storms overall, with 3 to 7 hurricanes, and 2 to 4 major hurricanes.[17] On May 25, NOAA announced its forecast, calling for 12 to 17 named storms, 5 to 9 hurricanes, and 1 to 4 major hurricanes, with a 40% chance of a near-normal season and 30% each for an above-average season and a below-average season.[18] One day later, UKMO issued its forecast calling for an extremely active season, with 20 named storms, 11 hurricanes, 5 major hurricanes, and an ACE index of 222 units.[19]
In general, there was a wide range of conclusions among the groups making pre-season forecasts. With regard to number of hurricanes, projections ranged from 5 by SMN to 11 by UKMO. This reflected an uncertainty on the part of the various organizations about how the expected late-summer El Niño event and near record-warm sea surface temperatures would together impact tropical activity.[29]
Mid-season forecasts
On June 1, the first official day of the season, CSU issued an updated forecast in which they raised their numbers slightly, now expecting a near-average season with 15 named storms, 7 hurricanes, 3 major hurricanes, and an ACE index of 125 units. They observed sea surface temperatures in the tropical and subtropical Atlantic had increased further to almost record-highs, which could offset increased wind shear from the impending El Niño.[21] On June 16, UA updated its seasonal prediction, which indicates a very active hurricane season, with 25 named storms, 12 hurricanes, 6 major hurricanes, and an ACE index of 260 units.[22]
On July 6, CSU issued an updated forecast increasing their numbers, predicting a very active season; they now expect 18 storms, 9 hurricanes, and 4 major hurricanes, with an ACE index of 160 units.[23] The following day, TSR released the first seasonal prediction, predicting a slightly above average year with 17 named storms, 8 hurricanes, and 3 major hurricanes and an ACE index of 125.[24]
UKMO updated their forecast on August 1, slightly decreasing the number of tropical storms and hurricanes to 19 and 9, respectively, while increasing the number of major hurricanes from 5 to 6.[25] On August 3, CSU issued their final prediction, with no changes to the amount of tropical storm, hurricanes, and major hurricanes.[26] TSR's last forecast, published on August 8, only adjusted the number of major hurricanes from two to three.[27] Citing record-warm sea surface temperatures, a warm phase of the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation, and El Niño, NOAA's second prediction, released on August 10, called for 14 to 21 tropical storms, 6 to 11 hurricanes, and 2 to 5 majors hurricanes.[28]
Seasonal summary
Background
Officially, the 2023 Atlantic hurricane season ran from June 1 to November 30.[32] A total of 21 tropical cyclones formed, 20 of which intensified into named storms,[33] ranking the season as the fourth-most active in terms of number of tropical storms, tied with 1933.[3] Of those, seven strengthened into a hurricane, while three systems reached major hurricane intensity. Thus, the season was above-average compared to NOAA's 1991–2020 mean of fourteen named storms, while equaling the normal number of hurricanes and major hurricanes, seven and three, respectively.[33] NOAA attributed the abnormally high number of named storms to record-warm sea surface temperatures across the Atlantic, mostly offsetting the effects of a strong El Niño event, which typically limits activity in the basin. In fact, the season had the most tropical storms for a year with El Niño conditions present since records began.[34] Meteorologists such as Jonathan Belles and Phil Klotzbach argued, however, that El Niño impacted the season by significantly weakening and shifting the Bermuda high-pressure system eastward, causing several storms to recurve out to sea east of the Lesser Antilles or drift aimlessly over the central Atlantic.[35]
Few tropical cyclones in the Atlantic in 2023 left significant impacts. The most destructive storm, Idalia, caused 12 deaths and approximately $3.6 billion in damage in August despite making landfall in Florida at Category 3 hurricane intensity, due to crossing mostly rural areas.[36] During the same month, Franklin rendered at least $90 million in damage and three deaths, all in the Dominican Republic, which it struck as a weak tropical storm.[37] Although Lee remained offshore while a tropical cyclone, rough seas generated by the storm drowned four people, while the remnants resulted in about $50 million in damage, mostly in Maine and Atlantic Canada.[38] In September, Ophelia caused approximately $450 million in damage along the East Coast of the United States.[39] Overall, the storms of the 2023 season collectively inflicted at least $4.19 billion in damage and 18 fatalities.[40]
This season's ACE index, as calculated by Colorado State University using data from the NHC, is approximately 145.6 units.[41] This number represents sum of the squares of the maximum sustained wind speed (knots) for all named storms while they are at least tropical storm intensity, divided by 10,000. Therefore, tropical depressions are not included.[8]
In 2023, NOAA logged 468 flight hours for their Hurricane Hunter missions in the Atlantic. The aircraft deployed more than 1,400 scientific instruments and conducted 120 entries into the eye of a storm. NOAA launched several drones, including Black Swift drone for the first time into Tammy, both for obtaining observations and evaluating the efficiency of this method of collecting data. Additionally, NOAA used their aircraft to assist with emergency response to Idalia and Lee, conducting a combined 28 flight hours to obtain aerial imagery. The National Ocean Service, an agency of NOAA, surveyed just over 42 mi (68 km) of coastline, including identifying 29 potential marine obstructions, in the aftermath of Idalia.[34]
Early activity
The 2023 Atlantic hurricane season commenced unexpectedly on January 16, when an unnamed subtropical storm formed off the northeastern U.S. coast then moved over Atlantic Canada.[42] Operationally, the NHC considered the storm to be non-tropical, with minimal likelihood of transitioning into a subtropical or tropical cyclone.[43] A few months later, however, following a post-storm evaluation of the system, it was redesignated as subtropical.[42] No additional tropical or subtropical activity occurred in the basin prior to the official start of the season on June 1. Tropical Storm Arlene formed as a tropical depression on opening day in the Gulf of Mexico. It became the season's first fully tropical storm on June 2, and was assigned the first name on the list. (The January subtropical storm remained unnamed). Later that month, when Tropical Storm Bret and Tropical Storm Cindy formed, there were two Atlantic tropical cyclones active simultaneously in June for the first time since 1968.[44] The two developed in the Main Development Region (MDR) from successive tropical waves coming off the coast of West Africa.[45] Their formation also marked the first time on record that two tropical storms formed in the MDR during the month of June.[46] Next, Subtropical Storm Don formed over the central Atlantic on July 14. A long-lived storm, it later became fully tropical and strengthened into the season's first hurricane as it meandered around the ocean far from land.[47]
Peak activity
Following a lull in activity, tropical cyclogenesis increased drastically in late August. During August 20 and 21, four tropical storms formed: Emily, Franklin, Gert, and Harold. This marked the fastest time four storms were named within the Atlantic basin, surpassing the previous mark of 48 hours, set in 1893 and matched in 1980.[48] Emily formed in the eastern Atlantic, lasting only about 24 hours before dissipating. Franklin moved across the Dominican Republic, before intensifying into a Category 4 hurricane in the western Atlantic.[49] Gert became a remnant low on August 22, but regenerated into a tropical depression at the end of the month.[50] Tropical Storm Harold affected south Texas and brought much needed rainfall to the region. Those four were followed by two more systems during last week of the month: Idalia, and Jose. Idalia formed on August 26 in the Northwestern Caribbean, intensified into a Category 4 hurricane, then made landfall in the Big Bend region of Florida at Category 3 strength. Tropical Storm Jose formed in the open Atlantic three days later and remained far from land.[51]
The quick pace of storm formation continued into September, the climatological peak of the hurricane season. On September 1, Tropical Storm Katia formed northwest of Cabo Verde in the far eastern Atlantic.[52] After Gert and Katia dissipated, Tropical Storm Lee formed in the central tropical Atlantic on September 5. It became a hurricane a day later, then rapidly intensified to Category 5 strength northeast of the Leeward Islands, with its winds increasing by 80 mph (130 km/h) during the 24‑hour period ending at 06:00 UTC on September 8. Lee later made multiple landfalls in Atlantic Canada after becoming an extratropical cyclone on September 16.[38] Tropical Storm Margot formed next, and strengthened into a hurricane on September 11 while moving through the central Atlantic.[53] They were joined by Hurricane Nigel, which formed midway between the Lesser Antilles and Cabo Verde Islands on September 15. Nigel remained far from any land masses, and became extratropical on September 22.[54] That same day, Tropical Storm Ophelia formed offshore of North Carolina. The storm moved inland the following morning at near-hurricane strength.[39] Also on September 23, Tropical Storm Philippe formed in the eastern tropical Atlantic.[55] Right behind Philippe came Tropical Storm Rina five days later. At that time, Philippe and Rina were approximately 620 mi (1,000 km) apart, which is close enough to influence each other's movement and development.[56]
Late activity
After a brief letup in activity, Tropical Storm Sean formed on October 11, in the eastern tropical Atlantic.[57] Later, on October 18, Hurricane Tammy formed.[58] It made landfall on Barbuda, the second system in three weeks to do so, in addition to Philippe.[59] A few days later, short-lived Tropical Depression Twenty-One formed offshore Nicaragua, moved inland, and soon dissipated. The season effectively ended when Tammy dissipated on October 29. No tropical cyclones formed in the Atlantic in the month of November, although a tropical disturbance over the Caribbean Sea was briefly designated as a potential tropical cyclone.[60]
Systems
Unnamed subtropical storm
| Subtropical storm (SSHWS) | |
  | |
| Duration | January 16 – January 17 |
|---|---|
| Peak intensity | 70 mph (110 km/h) (1-min); 976 mbar (hPa) |
On January 16, the NHC issued a special tropical weather outlook concerning a low-pressure area centered roughly 300 mi (485 km) north of Bermuda. Despite the low exhibiting thunderstorm activity near its center, the NHC assessed it as unlikely to transition into a tropical or subtropical cyclone.[61] These thunderstorms may have developed due to the combination of the cyclone's position over the Gulf Stream, where sea surface temperatures around 68–70 °F (20–21 °C) and cold air aloft resulted in high atmospheric instability.[43] Contrary to expectations, a subtropical storm formed on January 16, about 345 mi (555 km) southeast of Nantucket, Massachusetts, with sustained winds of 60 mph (95 km/h). The system initially intensified, peaking with maximum sustained winds of 70 mph (110 km/h) early on January 17. At 12:45 UTC, it made landfall at Louisbourg, Nova Scotia, as a weakening storm, then soon became a post-tropical low, before dissipating over far eastern Quebec the next day.[42]
No storm-related damage or casualties were reported, likely because its most intense winds remained offshore.[2][42] The subtropical storm was located within a broader storm system that brought snowfall to parts of coastal New England, including up to 4.5 in (110 mm) in portions of Massachusetts, with 3.5 in (89 mm) of snow in Boston.[62] In Nova Scotia, the storm brought wind gusts of near 68 mph (110 km/h) to Sable Island.[42]
Tropical Storm Arlene
| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
  | |
| Duration | June 1 – June 3 |
|---|---|
| Peak intensity | 40 mph (65 km/h) (1-min); 998 mbar (hPa) |
On May 30, the NHC began monitoring an area of disturbed weather over the eastern Gulf of Mexico for possible tropical development.[63] An area of low pressure developed the following day.[64] The system organized into Tropical Depression Two at 12:00 UTC on June 1 approximately 140 mi (225 km) south-southwest of Cape San Blas, Florida.[65] Hurricane hunters investigated the depression on the morning of June 2, and determined that it had strengthened into Tropical Storm Arlene.[66] Moving southward, Arlene remained a minimal tropical storm throughout the day with sustained winds of 40 mph (65 km/h). At 06:00 UTC on June 3, it weakened to a tropical depression, six hours before degenerating into a remnant low about 220 mi (355 km) west of Key West, Florida. The low subsequently dissipated north of Cuba the next day.[65]
Arlene brought 2–6 in (51–152 mm) of rainfall to many locations in Central and South Florida,[67] including a peak total of 9.82 in (249 mm) in Lakeland.[68] However, this precipitation was mostly beneficial, alleviating drought conditions along with other rains that week.[67] The remnants of Arlene also dropped rainfall on several islands in the Bahamas, peaking at 8.5 in (220 mm) of precipitation in Cockburn Town.[68]
Tropical Storm Bret
| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
  | |
| Duration | June 19 – June 24 |
|---|---|
| Peak intensity | 70 mph (110 km/h) (1-min); 996 mbar (hPa) |
On June 15, a tropical wave moved off the coast of West Africa and emerged into the Atlantic. The disturbance became better organized due to warm sea surface temperatures and favorable atmospheric conditions. On the morning of June 19, the disturbance organized into Tropical Depression Three about 1,495 mi (2,410 km) east of Barbados, and strengthened into Tropical Storm Bret that afternoon. Gradual intensification occurred during the next couple of days as it headed west towards the Lesser Antilles. Hurricane hunters investigated Bret early on June 22 and found sustained winds of 70 mph (110 km/h) and a central pressure of 996 mbar (29.4 inHg). Soon after, Bret moved into an area of increased vertical wind shear, causing it to gradually weaken as it moved across the Lesser Antilles. Next, during the early hours of June 24, Bret passed just to the north of Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao as a weakening storm with an exposed low-level center, and soon opened into a trough near the Guajira Peninsula of Colombia.[69] The remnant wave later crossed into Central America, contributing to the formation of Hurricane Beatriz.[70]
Bret brought gusty winds and heavy rains to the Windward Islands,[71][72] damaging 17 homes and the roofs of 35 other structures.[69] Hewanorra International Airport on Saint Lucia reported a wind gust of 69 mph (111 km/h) on the morning of June 23, and officials reported that much of the island's electrical grid had been knocked out by the storm.[73] Tropical storm-force winds damaged several buildings on Barbados,[74] including a tree falling onto a home in Bridgetown.[69] The country's Grantley Adams International Airport reported a peak wind gust of 56 mph (90 km/h).[72] The passing storm also damaged or destroyed several homes in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, with 50% of the island lost power.[73][75]
Tropical Storm Cindy
| Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
  | |
| Duration | June 22 – June 26 |
|---|---|
| Peak intensity | 60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min); 1004 mbar (hPa) |
On June 18, the NHC began tracking a tropical wave that had recently moved off the coast of West Africa,[76] which became more organized the next day.[77] Though the system initially struggled to become better organized, it was in an environment overall conducive to development,[78][79] and organized into Tropical Depression Four on the morning of June 22, while about 1,395 mi (2,245 km) east of the Lesser Antilles.[80][81] Despite marginal atmospheric conditions, the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Cindy early the next day. At 12:00 UTC on June 24, Cindy's sustained winds intensified to 60 mph (95 km/h). But later that day and continuing into the next, the storm grew progressively weaker. Then, at 06:00 UTC on June 26, Cindy dissipated about 375 mi (605 km) north-northeast of the Northern Leeward Islands.[80][82]
Hurricane Don
| Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
  | |
| Duration | July 14 – July 24 |
|---|---|
| Peak intensity | 75 mph (120 km/h) (1-min); 986 mbar (hPa) |
A trough of low pressure formed over the central Atlantic on July 11, east-northeast of Bermuda.[83] Though the system remained embedded within the trough and had not acquired a compact wind field, a well-defined center of circulation developed along with persistent deep convection early on July 14, leading to formation of Subtropical Storm Don about 1,050 mi (1,690 km) east-northeast of Bermuda.[84] Don's deep convection decreased later that day,[85] and it weakened to a subtropical depression on July 16.[84] The next day, while beginning an anticyclonic loop over the central Atlantic, steered by a blocking ridge to its north, the system transitioned to a tropical depression.[86] Don then intensified into a tropical storm early on July 18, based on satellite wind data.[87] A few days later, while moving over the Gulf Stream on July 22, the storm quickly strengthened into the season's first hurricane.[88] Don remained a minimal Category 1 hurricane for several hours before weakening to a tropical storm early on July 23, when its structure quickly deteriorated as it moved over increasingly cooler waters north of the Gulf Stream.[89] While situated about 400 mi (645 km) east of Newfoundland early on July 24, Don degenerated into a non-tropical low, which continued east-northeastward across the Atlantic and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone late on the next day.[84]
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