Hornbostel–Sachs or Sachs–Hornbostel is a system of musical instrument classification devised by Erich Moritz von Hornbostel and Curt Sachs, and first published in the Zeitschrift für Ethnologie in 1914.^[1] An English translation was published in the Galpin Society Journal in 1961. It is the most widely used system for classifying musical instruments by ethnomusicologists and organologists (people who study musical instruments). The system was updated in 2011 as part of the work of the Musical Instrument Museums Online (MIMO) Project.^[2]

Hornbostel and Sachs based their ideas on a system devised in the late 19th century by Victor-Charles Mahillon, the curator of musical instruments at Brussels Conservatory. Mahillon divided instruments into four broad categories according to the nature of the sound-producing material: an air column; string; membrane; and body of the instrument. From this basis, Hornbostel and Sachs expanded Mahillon's system to make it possible to classify any instrument from any culture.

Formally, the Hornbostel–Sachs is modeled on the Dewey Decimal Classification for libraries. It has five top-level classifications, with several levels below those, adding up to over 300 basic categories in all.

Idiophones (1)

Idiophones primarily produce their sounds by means of the actual body of the instrument vibrating, rather than a string, membrane, or column of air. In essence, this group includes all percussion instruments apart from drums, and some other instruments. In the Hornbostel–Sachs classification, idiophones are first categorized according to the method used to play the instrument. The result is four main categories: struck idiophones (11), plucked idiophones (12), friction idiophones (13) and blown idiophones (14). These groups are subsequently divided through various criteria. In many cases these sub-categories are split in singular specimens and sets of instruments. The class of idiophones includes the xylophone, the marimba, the glockenspiel, and the glass harmonica.

Struck idiophones (11)

These idiophones are set in vibration by being struck, for example cymbals or xylophones.

Directly struck idiophones (111)

The player executes the movement of striking; whether by mechanical intermediate devices, beaters, keyboards, or by pulling ropes, etc. It is definitive that the player can apply clear, exact, individual strokes, and that the instrument itself is equipped for this kind of percussion.

• 111.1 Concussion idiophones or clappers – Two or more complementary sonorous parts are struck against each other.
  • 111.11 Concussion sticks or stick clappers (clapstick).
  • 111.12 Concussion plaques or plaque clappers (paiban).
  • 111.13 Concussion troughs or trough clappers (devil chase).
  • 111.14 Concussion vessels or vessel clappers (spoons).
    • 111.141 Castanets – Natural and hollowed-out vessel clappers.
    • 111.142 Cymbals – Vessel clappers with manufactured rim.
• 111.2 Percussion idiophones – The instrument is struck either with a non-sonorous object (hand, stick, striker) or against a non-sonorous object (human body, the ground).
  • 111.21 Percussion sticks.
    • 111.211 Individual percussion sticks.
    • 111.212 Sets of percussion sticks in a range of different pitches combined into one instrument. – All xylophones, as long as their sounding components are not in two different planes.
  • 111.22 Percussion plaques.
    • 111.221 Individual percussion plaques.
    • 111.222 Sets of percussion plaques – Examples are the lithophone and also most metallophones.
  • 111.23 Percussion tubes.
    • 111.231 Individual percussion tubes.
    • 111.232 Sets of percussion tubes.
  • 111.24 Percussion vessels.
    • 111.241 Gongs – The vibration is strongest near the vertex.
      • 111.241.1 Individual gongs.
      • 111.241.2 Sets of gongs.
    • 111.242 Bells – The vibration is weakest near the vertex.
      • 111.242.1 Individual bells.
        • 111.242.11 Resting bells whose opening faces upward (for example the standing bell)
        • 111.242.12 Hanging bells suspended from the apex.
          • 111.242.121 Hanging bells without internal strikers.
          • 111.242.122 Hanging bells with internal strikers.
      • 111.242.2 Sets of bells or chimes.
        • 111.242.21 Sets of resting bells whose opening faces upward.
        • 111.242.22 Sets of hanging bells suspended from the apex.
          • 111.242.221 Sets of hanging bells without internal strikers.
          • 111.242.222 Sets of hanging bells with internal strikers.
  • 111.3 Mixed sets of directly struck idiophones

Indirectly struck idiophones (112)

The player themself does not go through the movement of striking; percussion results indirectly through some other movement by the player.

• 112.1 Shaken Idiophones or rattles – The player makes a shaking motion
  • 112.11 Suspension rattles – Perforated idiophones are mounted together, and shaken to strike against each other.
    • 112.111 Strung rattles – Rattling objects are strung in rows on a cord.
    • 112.112 Stick rattles – Rattling objects are strung on a bar or ring.
  • 112.12 Frame rattles – Rattling objects are attached to a carrier against which they strike (flexatone).
    • 112.121 Pendant rattles.
    • 112.122 Sliding rattles.
  • 112.13 Vessel rattles – Rattling objects enclosed in a vessel strike against each other or against the walls of the vessel, or usually against both.
• 112.2 Scraped Idiophones – The player causes a scraping movement directly or indirectly; a non-sonorous object moves along the notched surface of a sonorous object, to be alternately lifted off the teeth and flicked against them; or an elastic sonorous object moves along the surface of a notched non-sonorous object to cause a series of impacts. This group must not be confused with that of friction idiophones.
  • 112.21 Scraped sticks.
    • 112.211 Scraped sticks without resonator.
    • 112.212 Scraped sticks with resonator.
  • 112.22 Scraped tubes.
    • 112.221 Scraped tubes without resonator.
    • 112.222 Scraped tubes with resonator.
  • 112.23 Scraped vessels.
    • 112.231 Scraped vessels without resonator.
    • 112.232 Scraped vessels with resonator.
  • 112.24 Scraped wheels – cog rattles or Ratchet
    • 112.241 Scraped wheels without resonator.
    • 112.242 Scraped wheels with resonator.
• 112.3 Split idiophones – Instruments in the shape of two springy arms connected at one end and touching at the other: the arms are forced apart by a little stick, to jangle or vibrate on recoil.

Plucked idiophones (12)

Plucked idiophones, or lamellaphones, are idiophones set in vibration by being plucked; examples include the jaw harp or mbira. This group is sub-divided in the following two categories:

In the form of a frame (121)

The lamellae vibrate within a frame or hoop.

• 121.1 Clack idiophones or Cricri – The lamella is carved in the surface of a fruit shell, which serves as resonator.
• 121.2 Guimbardes and Jaw harps (i. e. "kissed" idiophones) – The lamella is mounted in a rod- or plaque-shaped frame and depends on the player's mouth cavity for resonance.
  • 121.21 Idioglot guimbardes – The lamella is cut through the frame of the instrument (kubing).
    • 121.211 Individual idioglot guimbardes.
    • 121.212 Sets of idioglot guimbardes
  • 121.22 Heteroglot guimbardes – The lamella is attached to the frame (Western Jew's harp, kouxian). Present-day ethnomusicologists, such as Margaret Kartomi (page 173) and Ellingson (PhD dissertation, 1979, p. 544), might support the suggestion that, in keeping with the spirit of the original Hornbostel–Sachs classification scheme, of categorization by what first produces the initial sound in the instrument, that the supposed class 412.13 should count as these instead.
    • 121.221 Individual heteroglot guimbardes.
    • 121.222 Sets of heteroglot guimbardes
  • 121.23 Mixed sets of guimbardes

In the form of a comb (122)

The lamellae are tied to a board or cut out from a board like the teeth of a comb.

• 122.1 With laced on lamellae.
  • 122.11 Without resonator.
  • 122.12 With resonator.
• 122.2 With cut-out lamellae – Musical box
  • 122.21 Without resonator.
  • 122.22 With resonator.
• 122.3 Mixed sets of combs

Mixed sets of lamellophones (123)

Friction idiophones (13)

Idiophones which are rubbed, for example the nail violin, a bowed instrument with solid pieces of metal or wood rather than strings.

Friction sticks (131)

• 131.1 Individual friction sticks.
  • 131.11 Without direct friction.
  • 131.12 With direct friction.
• 131.2 Sets of friction sticks.
  • 131.21 Without direct friction.
  • 131.22 With direct friction.
  • 131.23 Mixed

Friction plaques (132)

• 132.1 Individual friction plaques.
  • 132.11 Without direct friction.
  • 132.12 With direct friction.
• 132.2 Sets of friction plaques.
  • 132.21 Without direct friction.
  • 132.22 With direct friction.
  • 132.23 Mixed

Friction vessels (133)

• 133.1 Individual friction vessels (for example the singing bowl)
  • 133.11 Without direct friction.
  • 133.12 With direct friction.
• 133.2 Sets of friction vessels.
  • 133.21 Without direct friction.
  • 133.22 With direct friction.
  • 133.23 Mixed

Sets of Friction idiophones (134)

• 134.1 Without direct friction.
• 134.2 With direct friction.
• 134.3 Mixed

Blown idiophones (14)

Blown idiophones are idiophones set in vibration by the movement of air, for example the Aeolsklavier, an instrument consisting of several pieces of wood which vibrate when air is blown onto them by a set of bellows. The piano chanteur features plaques.

Blown sticks (141)

• 141.1 Individual blown sticks.
• 141.2 Sets of blown sticks.
  • Aeolodion

Blown plaques (142)

• 142.1 Individual blown plaques.
• 142.2 Sets of blown plaques.

Mixed sets of blown idiophones (143)

Unclassified idiophones (15)

Membranophones (2)

Membranophones primarily produce their sounds by means of the vibration of a tightly stretched membrane. This group includes all drums and kazoos.

Struck membranophones (21)

Struck drums are instruments which have a struck membrane. This includes most types of drums, such as the timpani, or kettle drum, and the snare drum.

Directly struck membranophones (211)

Instruments in which the membrane is struck directly, such as through bare hands, beaters or keyboards.

• 211.1 Instruments in which the body of the drum is dish- or bowl-shaped (kettle drums)
  • 211.11 Single instruments
  • 211.12 Sets of instruments
• 211.2 Instruments in which the body is tubular (tubular drums)
  • 211.21 Instruments in which the body has the same diameter at the middle and end (cylindrical drums)
    • 211.211 Instruments which have only one usable membrane
      • 211.211.1 Instruments in which the end without a membrane is open
      • 211.211.2 Instruments in which the end without a membrane is closed
    • 211.212 Instruments which have two usable membranes
      • 211.212.1 Single instruments
      • 211.212.2 Sets of instruments
    • 211.213 Mixed sets of cylindrical drums
  • 211.22 Instruments in which the body is barrel-shaped (barrel drums)
    • 211.221 Instruments which have only one usable membrane
      • 211.221.1 Instruments in which the end without a membrane is open
      • 211.221.2 Instruments in which the end without a membrane is closed
    • 211.222 Instruments which have two usable membranes
      • 211.222.1 Single instruments
      • 211.222.2 Sets of instruments
    • 211.223 Mixed sets of barrel drums
  • 211.23 Instruments in which the body is hourglass-shaped
    • 211.231 Instruments which have only one usable membrane
      • 211.231.1 Instruments in which the end without a membrane is open
      • 211.231.2 Instruments in which the end without a membrane is closed
    • 211.232 Instruments which have two usable membranes
      • 211.232.1 Single instruments
      • 211.232.2 Sets of instruments
    • 211.233 Mixed sets of hourglass drums
  • 211.24 Instruments in which the body is conical-shaped (conical drums)
    • 211.241 Instruments which have only one usable membrane
      • 211.241.1 Instruments in which the end without a membrane is open
      • 211.241.2 Instruments in which the end without a membrane is closed
    • 211.242 Instruments which have two usable membranes
      • 211.242.1 Single instruments
      • 211.242.2 Sets of instruments
    • 211.243 Mixed sets of single-conical drums
    • 211.244 Instruments in which the body is double-conical
      • 211.244.1 Instruments which have only one usable membrane
        • 211.244.11 Instruments in which the end without a membrane is open
        • 211.244.12 Instruments in which the end without a membrane is closed
      • 211.244.2 Instruments which have two usable membranes
        • 211.244.21 Single instruments
        • 211.244.22 Sets of instruments
    • 211.245 Mixed sets of double-conical drums
    • 211.246 Mixed sets of conical drums
  • 211.25 Instruments in which the body is goblet-shaped (goblet drums)
    • 211.251 Instruments which have only one usable membrane
      • 211.251.1 Instruments in which the end without a membrane is open
      • 211.251.2 Instruments in which the end without a membrane is closed
    • 211.252 Instruments which have two usable membranes
      • 211.252.1 Single instruments
      • 211.252.2 Sets of instruments
    • 211.253 Mixed sets of goblet drums
  • 211.26 Mixed sets of tubular drums
• 211.3 Instruments in which the body depth is not greater than the radius of the membrane (frame drums).
  • 211.31 Instruments which do not have a handle
    • 211.311 Instruments which have only one usable membrane
    • 211.312 Instruments which have two usable membranes
  • 211.32 Instruments which have a handle
    • 211.321 Instruments which have only one usable membrane
    • 211.322 Instruments which have two usable membranes

Shaken membranophones (212)

Instruments which are shaken, the membrane being vibrated by objects inside the drum (rattle drums).

Plucked membranophones (22)

Instruments with a string attached to the membrane, so that when the string is plucked, the membrane vibrates (plucked drums).
Some commentators believe that instruments in this class ought instead to be regarded as chordophones (see below).

Friction membranophones (23)

Instruments in which the membrane vibrates as a result of friction. These are drums which are rubbed, rather than being struck.

Friction drums with stick (231)

Instruments in which the membrane is vibrated from a stick that is rubbed or used to rub the membrane

• 231.1 Instruments in which the stick is inserted in a hole in the membrane
  • 231.11 Instruments in which the stick can not be moved and is subject to rubbing, causing friction on the membrane
  • 231.12 Instruments in which the stick is semi-movable, and can be used to rub the membrane
  • 231.13 Instruments in which the stick is freely movable, and is used to rub the membrane
• 231.2 Instruments in which the stick is tied upright to the membrane

Friction drum with cord (232)

Instruments in which a cord, attached to the membrane, is rubbed.

• 232.1 Instruments in which the drum is held stationary while playing
  • 232.11 Instruments which have only one usable membrane
  • 232.12 Instruments which have two usable membranes
• 232.2 Instruments in which the drum is twirled by a cord, which rubs in a notch on the stick held by the player

Hand friction drums (233)edit

Instruments in which the membrane is rubbed by hand

Singing membranes (kazoos) (24)edit

This group includes kazoos, instruments which do not produce sound of their own, but modify other sounds by way of a vibrating membrane.

Free kazoos (241)edit

Instruments in which the membrane is vibrated by an unbroken column of wind, without a chamber

Tube or vessel-kazoos (242)edit

Instruments in which the membrane is placed in a box, tube or other container

Unclassified membranophones (25)edit

Chordophones (3)edit

Chordophones primarily produce their sounds by means of the vibration of a string or strings that are stretched between fixed points. This group includes all instruments generally called string instruments in the west, as well as many (but not all) keyboard instruments, such as pianos and harpsichords.

Simple chordophones or zithers (31)edit

Instruments which are in essence simply a string or strings and a string bearer. These instruments may have a resonator box, but removing it should not render the instrument unplayable, though it may result in quite a different sound being produced. They include the piano therefore, as well as other kinds of zithers such as the koto, and musical bows.

Bar zithers (311)edit

The string bearer is bar-shaped.

• 311.1 Musical bows – The string bearer is flexible (and curved)
  • 311.11 Idiochord musical bows – The string is cut from the bark of the cane, remaining attached at each end
    • 311.111 Mono-idiochord musical bows – Containing one string only
    • 311.112 Poly-idiochord musical bows or harp-bows – Containing several strings that pass over some type of bridge
  • 311.12 Heterochord musical bows – The string is of separate material from the bearer
    • 311.121 Mono-heterochord musical bows – The bow has one heterochord string only
      • 311.121.1 Without resonator
        • 311.121.11 Without tuning noose
        • 311.121.12 With tuning noose
      • 311.121.2 With resonator
        • 311.121.21 With independent resonator
          • 311.121.211 Without tuning noose
          Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Hornbostel–Sachs
          Text je dostupný za podmienok Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License 3.0 Unported; prípadne za ďalších podmienok. Podrobnejšie informácie nájdete na stránke Podmienky použitia.

          ---