Heleophrynidae

Ghost frog
	Natal ghost frog (Hadromophryne natalensis)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Amphibia
Order:	Anura
Suborder:	Neobatrachia
Family:	Heleophrynidae; Noble, 1931
Genera
	Hadromophryne Van Dijk, 2008; Heleophryne Sclater, 1898;
	Distribution of Heleophrynidae (in black)

Heleophrynidae is a family of frogs, commonly known as ghost frogs.^[1] They are thought to be the most basal group in the Neobatrachia.^[1]^[2] The family consists of two genera, Heleophryne and Hadromophryne, with seven species. Ghost frogs live in swift-moving mountain streams in South Africa. The common name of "ghost frogs" may have been coined because of their occurrence in Skeleton Gorge.^[3]

Taxonomy

The ghost frogs were formerly thought to be closely related to the Sooglossidae of the Seychelles (which are now thought to be a sister group to Ranoidea), or to the Australian Myobatrachidae, which are now thought to be a sister group to Hyloidea. In contrast, more recent taxonomic studies place them as being the most basal extant members of the Neobatrachia and having no close relatives, having diverged from the rest of the Neobatrachia during the Early Cretaceous, about 140 million years ago.^[4]^[5]

Family Heleophrynidae

Genus Hadromophryne Van Dijk, 2008
- Natal ghost frog, Hadromophryne natalensis Hewitt, 1913
Genus Heleophryne Sclater, 1898
- Cederberg ghost frog, Heleophryne depressa FitzSimons, 1946
- Hewitt's ghost frog, Heleophryne hewitti Boycott, 1988
- Eastern ghost frog, Heleophryne orientalis FitzSimons, 1946
- Purcell's ghost frog, Heleophryne purcelli Sclater, 1898
- Royal ghost frog, Heleophryne regis Hewitt, 1910
- Rose's ghost frog, Heleophryne rosei Hewitt, 1925

Biology

Ghost frogs have morphological adaptations suited to surviving on the rocks around these streams. They only come out on full moons. They are medium-sized frogs, reaching a length of 6 cm (2.4 in), with flat bodies, enabling them to climb inside rocky crevices. They have very large toe discs in comparison to their size, which helps to cling onto rocks. With the help of the labial teeth the tadpoles contain in their mouths, the mouthparts are modified into sucking discs, to allow them to cling to substrates, and remain still while they are feeding.^[3]

EDGE endangered species

On January 21, 2008, Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered (EDGE) identified nature's most "weird, wonderful and endangered species", stating that "the EDGE amphibians are amongst the most remarkable and unusual species on the planet and yet an alarming 85% of the top 100 are receiving little or no conservation attention." Due to the very ancient origins and deep genetic divergence of Heleophrynidae, the Table Mountain ghost frog (Heleophryne rosei) was listed as #11 on the list.^[6]^[7]^[5]

References

^ ^a ^b "Heleophrynidae Noble, 1931 | Amphibian Species of the World". amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org. Retrieved 2022-09-13.
^ Dubois, Alain (July 2005). "Amphibia Mundi. 1.1. An ergotaxonomy of recent amphibians". Alytes. 23 (1/2). Paris: 1–24. ProQuest 1319774213.
^ ^a ^b Zweifel, Richard G. (1998). Cogger, H.G.; Zweifel, R.G. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 104–105. ISBN 0-12-178560-2.
^ Feng, Yan-Jie; Blackburn, David C.; Liang, Dan; Hillis, David M.; Wake, David B.; Cannatella, David C.; Zhang, Peng (2017-07-18). "Phylogenomics reveals rapid, simultaneous diversification of three major clades of Gondwanan frogs at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (29): E5864–E5870. Bibcode:2017PNAS..114E5864F. doi:10.1073/pnas.1704632114. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5530686. PMID 28673970.
^ ^a ^b "Table Mountain Ghost Frog". EDGE of Existence. Retrieved 2021-05-04.
^ Lovell, Jeremy (21 January 2008). "Giant newt, tiny frog identified as most at risk". Reuters.^{[dead link]}
^ "World's weirdest amphibians". the Guardian. 21 January 2008.

Cogger, H.G.; R.G. Zweifel; D. Kirschner (2004). Encyclopedia of Reptiles & Amphibians Second Edition. Fog City Press. ISBN 1-877019-69-0.

Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Heleophrynidae
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[:0-1] "Heleophrynidae Noble, 1931 | Amphibian Species of the World". amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org. Retrieved 2022-09-13.

[2] Dubois, Alain (July 2005). "Amphibia Mundi. 1.1. An ergotaxonomy of recent amphibians". Alytes. 23 (1/2). Paris: 1–24. ProQuest 1319774213.

[EoR-3] Zweifel, Richard G. (1998). Cogger, H.G.; Zweifel, R.G. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 104–105. ISBN 0-12-178560-2.

[4] Feng, Yan-Jie; Blackburn, David C.; Liang, Dan; Hillis, David M.; Wake, David B.; Cannatella, David C.; Zhang, Peng (2017-07-18). "Phylogenomics reveals rapid, simultaneous diversification of three major clades of Gondwanan frogs at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (29): E5864–E5870. Bibcode:2017PNAS..114E5864F. doi:10.1073/pnas.1704632114. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5530686. PMID 28673970.

[Table_Mountain_Ghost_Frog-5] "Table Mountain Ghost Frog". EDGE of Existence. Retrieved 2021-05-04.

[6] Lovell, Jeremy (21 January 2008). "Giant newt, tiny frog identified as most at risk". Reuters.^{[dead link]}

[7] "World's weirdest amphibians". the Guardian. 21 January 2008.

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v t e Extant anuran families by suborder
Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Subphylum Craniata Superclass Tetrapoda Class Amphibia
Archaeobatrachia	Ascaphidae Bombinatoridae Discoglossidae Leiopelmatidae
Mesobatrachia	Megophryidae Pelobatidae Pelodytidae Pipidae Scaphiopodidae Rhinophrynidae
Neobatrachia	Amphignathodontidae Aromobatidae Arthroleptidae Brachycephalidae Brevicipitidae Bufonidae Centrolenidae Craugastoridae Dendrobatidae Heleophrynidae Hemiphractidae Hemisotidae Hylidae Hyperoliidae Leptodactylidae Mantellidae Microhylidae Myobatrachidae Petropedetidae Pyxicephalidae Ranidae Rhacophoridae Rhinodermatidae Sooglossidae
Frogs portal

Ghost frog

Natal ghost frog (Hadromophryne natalensis)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Amphibia
Order:	Anura
Suborder:	Neobatrachia
Family:	Heleophrynidae Noble, 1931
Genera
Hadromophryne Van Dijk, 2008 Heleophryne Sclater, 1898

Distribution of Heleophrynidae (in black)