A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | CH | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9
| Haplogroup P (K2b2) | |
|---|---|
| Possible time of origin | 46,000 years BP[1][2] |
| Possible place of origin | Central Asia, South Asia, or Southeast Asia[3][4][5] |
| Ancestor | K2b[6] |
| Descendants | P-P295 (P1a, formerly P*) P-FT292000 (P1b, formerly P3) P-M45 (P1c, formerly P1) |
| Defining mutations | P295/PF5866/S8, 92R7_1, 92R7_2, F91/PF5862/V231 |
Haplogroup P also known as P-F5850 or K2b2 is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup in human genetics. P-F5850 is a branch of K2b (previously Haplogroup MPS; P331), which is a branch of Haplogroup K2 (K-M526).
The haplogroup K2b splits into K2b1 (haplogroup MS*) and K2b2 (haplogroup P-F580, Y-DNA P*). Basal P* (P-PF5850*) is found in Southeast Asia.[7][8] The primary branches (clades) of P-F580 are P-P295 (P1a, formerly P*) which is found among South and Southeast Asians as well as Oceanians, P-FT292000 (P1b, formerly P3) with unknown distribution, and P-M45 (P1c, formerly P1) commonly found among Siberians and Central Asians.[9][10] P-M45 (P1c) is, in turn, the parent node of Haplogroup Q (Q-M242) and Haplogroup R (R-M207).
The major subclades of Haplogroups P-M45, Q and R now include most males among Europeans, Native Americans, South Asians and Central Asians.
Origin and dispersal
Karafet et al. 2015 suggests an origin and dispersal of haplogroup P from either South Asia or Southeast Asia as part of the early human dispersal, based on the distribution of subclades now classified as P-P295 (now P1a), and more ancient clades such as K1 and K2. However, Karafet, et al. mentions that this hypothesis is "parsimonious" and it is just as likely that it originated elsewhere in Eurasia and later went extinct there.[4][11] Hallast, Agdzhoyan, et al. concluded that the ancestral Eurasian haplogroups C, D, and F, either expanded from the Middle East or from Southeast Asia. Based on the modern distribution of basal lineages, the authors propose Southeast Asia as place of dispersal for all Eurasian lineages, before the split between West-Eurasian and East-Eurasian (including Oceanian) populations.[12]
According to a study by geneticist Spencer Wells, haplogroup K, from which haplogroup P descend, originated in the Middle East or Central Asia. It is likely that haplogroup P diverged somewhere in South Asia into P1 (now P1c), which expanded into Siberia and Northern Eurasia, and into P2 (now P1a), which expanded into Oceania and Southeast Asia.[13]
Structure
The subclades of Haplogroup P with their defining mutation:[9][14]
- P (P-F5850)
Distribution
P1(xP1c)
Because P1a, formerly P2 (P-B253) was discovered relatively recently, it is not always clear if older studies have screened for it. Therefore, cases of basal P1* (also known as P-P295*; K2b2*; PxM45, B253) reported in literature may include P1a (P2).
P1(xP1c) exists at low to moderate levels among various groups in Island South East Asia, the South West Pacific and East Asia.[4]
P1* (perhaps P1a/P2) is found at its highest rate among members of the Aeta (or Agta), a people indigenous to Luzon who formed from various ancient groups, such as Oceanians and Austronesian peoples from Taiwan.[9] P1 is most common among individuals in Siberia and Central Asia, as well as in Southern Asian at lower frequency.[3][4][12][15]
Root P* (P-PF5850*) was found among a Jehai sample in Malaysia.[16][17][18] Basal P1* was also found in one historical 19th-century Andaman islander,[19]
| Population | P* % | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Papua New Guinea | 0.69 | assumed from Kayser et al. 2006 1 P* found[4] |
| New Zealand | 0 | |
| Fiji | 0 | |
| Solomon Islands | 0 | |
| French Polynesia | 0 | |
| Vanuatu | 0 | |
| New Caledonia | ||
| Guam | 0 | |
| Samoa | 0 | |
| Kiribati | ||
| Tonga | 0 | |
| Micronesia FDR | 0 | |
| Marshall Islands | 0 | |
| American Samoa | ||
| Northern Mariana Islands | ||
| Palau | ||
| Cook Islands | 0 | |
| Wallis and Futuna | 0 | |
| Tuvalu | 0 | |
| Nauru | ||
| Norfolk Island | ||
| Niue | 0 | small sample size |
| Tokelau | 0 | small sample size |
| Hawaii | 0 | small sample size from FTDNA |
| Australia | 0 | |
| Timor | 10.8 | |
| Aeta (Philippines) | 28 | |
| Austronesians (Philippines) | 0 | |
| Malaysia | 0 | |
| Flores | 0 | |
| Sulawesi | 0.6 | |
| East Indonesia | 0 | |
| Java Indonesia | 0 | |
| Bali Indonesia | 0 | |
| Sumatra Indonesia | 0 | |
| Borneo Indonesia | 0 | |
| West Papua Province | 0 | |
| Papua Province | 0 | |
| Sumba Indonesia | 3.2 |
P-M45 (P1c)
Many ethnic groups with high frequencies of P1c, also known as P-M45 and K2b2a, are located in Central Asia and Siberia: 35.4% among Tuvans, 28.3% among Altai-Kizhi (PxQ-M3,R1),[20] and 35% among Nivkh males.
| Modern population | Modern ethnolinguistic affiliation | Reference | n | Percentage | Notes/SNPs tested |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tuvinian | Turkic | [20] | 113 | 35.40 | P-M45 |
| Nivkh | isolate | [21] | 17 | 35 | P-M45 |
| Altai-Kizhi | Turkic | [20] | 92 | 28.3 | P-M45 |
| Todjin | Turkic | [20] | 36 | 22.2 | P-M45 |
| Chukchi | Chukotkan | [21] | 24 | 20.8 | P-M45 |
| Koryak | Chukotkan | [21] | 27 | 18.5 | P-M45 |
| Yupik | Eskimo-Aleut | [21] | 33 | 18.2 | P-M45 |
| Uighur | Turkic | [22] | 70 | 17.1 | P-M45 |
| Kalmyk | Mongolic | [20] | 68 | 11.8 | P-M45 |
| Turkmen | Turkic | [23] | 30 | 10 | P-M45 |
| Soyot | Turkic | [20] | 34 | 8.8 | P-M45 |
| Uriankhai | Mongolic | [24] | 60 | 8.3 | P-M45 |
| Khakas | Turkic | [20] | 53 | 7.6 | P-M45 |
| Kazakh | Turkic | [23] | 54 | 5.6 | P-M45 |
| Uzbek | Turkic | [23] | 366 | 5.5 | P-M45 |
| Khasi-Khmuic | Austro-Asiatic | [25] | 353 | 5.40 | P-M45(xM173) § |
| Munda | Austro-Asiatic | [25] | 64 | 10.90 | P-M45(xM173) § |
| Nicobarese | Austro-Asiatic | [25] | 11 | 0.00 | P-M45(xM173) § |
| Southeast Asia | Austro-Asiatic | [25] | 257 | 1.60 | P-M45(xM173) § |
| Garo | Tibeto-Burman | [25] | 71 | 1.40 | P-M45(xM173) § |
| India | Tibeto-Burman | [25] | 226 | 3.10 | P-M45(xM173) § |
| East Asia | Tibeto-Burman | [25] | 214 | 0.00 | P-M45(xM173) § |
| Eastern India | unclear/various | [25] | 54 | 18.50 | P-M45(xM173) § |
| Southern Talysh, Iran | Iranian | [26] | 50 | 4.00 | P-M45(xM124, xM173) |
| Northern Talysh, Azerbaijan | Iranian | [26] | 40 | 5.00 | P-M45(xM124, xM173) |
| Mazandarani | Iranian | [26] | 50 | 4.00 | P-M45(xM124, xM173) |
| Gilaki | Iranian | [26] | 50 | 0.00 | P-M45(xM124, xM173) |
| Tehran | Iranian | [26] | 80 | 4.00 | P-M45(xM124, xM173) |
| Isfahan | Iranian | [26] | 50 | 6.00 | P-M45(xM124, xM173) |
| Bakhtiari | Iranian | [27] | 53 | 2.00 | P-M45(xM124, xM173) |
| Iranian Arabs | Arabic | [27] | 47 | 2.00 | P-M45(xM124, xM173) |
| North Iran | Iranian | [28] | 33 | 9.00 | P-M45(xM124, xM173) |
| South Iran | Iranian | [28] | 117 | 3.00 | P-M45(xM124, xM173) |
| South Caucacus | Georgian | [29] | 77 | 3.00 | P-M45(xM124, xM173) |
| South Caucacus | Armenian | [29] | 100 | 2.00 | P-M45(xM124, xM173) |
| Hvar | Croatian | [30] | 14 | ||
| Korčula | Croatian | [30] | 6 |
§ May include members of haplogroup R2.