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Between 1858 and 1902, the Händel-Gesellschaft ("German Handel Society") produced a collected 105-volume edition of the works of George Frideric Handel. Even though the collection was initiated by the society, many of the volumes were published by Friedrich Chrysander working alone (Chrysander was the major contributor for almost all of the volumes). The wording on the title page of the volumes is "Georg Friedrich Händel's Werke. Ausgabe der Deutschen Händelgesellschaft" which translates as "Georg Friedrich Handel's works. Edition of the German Handel Society". Chrysander's work has been criticised, however the scale of his achievement is also praised. The collection's abbreviation of "HG" can be used to identify individual works by Handel; for example Handel's Messiah can be referred to as "HG xlv" (with the Roman numerals "xlv" indicating that the work is in volume 45).[1] For practical use, the HG system has been superseded by the HWV numbering system. The 105 volumes do not contain the complete works of Handel—with at least 250 of his works unpublished in the collection.
History
Before the Händelgesellschaft, at least two collected editions of Handel's works had been produced. Samuel Arnold's 180-volume collection was produced between 1787 and 1797—however, it was far from complete, and included, for example, only five of Handel's 42 Italian operas.[2] The other major collection was produced by the English Handel Society (founded by Sir George Macfarren) between 1843 and 1858—however, it too was incomplete.[3]
In 1856, the Händel-Gesellschaft was founded by Chrysander and the literary historian Georg Gottfried Gervinus (with Chrysander the only active editor).[4]
The society
Despite the reference to a "society" in the name of the Händel-Gesellschaft (including a board of directors), the edition was produced almost entirely by Chrysander, who carried on publication of the edition even when the society dropped out of the project.[5] Chrysander set up an office in the garden at his home, and from 1862 onwards personally superintended the engraving and printing of the edition.[6] Additionally, he sold fruits and vegetables raised in his garden to derive further income during the years of publication.[7]
The first volume (1858) was prepared by Julius Rietz (although with results that displeased Chrysander).[8] Max Seiffert assisted with some of the later editing.[7]
Due to its being more comprehensive than previous collections, the Händel-Gesellschaft edition was long considered the standard reference for Handel's works. When the Hallische Händel-Ausgabe was inaugurated in 1955, it was at first intended as a supplement to Chrysander's work, and only later (in 1958) became a full critical edition in its own right.[9]
Criticism
Some have criticised Chrysander's efforts, with one writer commenting that "he was an autocrat, a law into himself, who often made his selection according to his desires, who altered and revised at will, and who even falsified documents to suit his purposes,"[10] and another criticising his "arbitrary selection of material in the more complex works and his failure to explain his methods."[11]
There are also problems such as the renumbering of the chamber sonatas originally published by Handel as his Op. 1 and Op. 2; for example, the Trio sonata in B flat for two violins and continuo, Op. 2 no. 3, appears in the Händel-Gesellschaft edition as Op. 2 no. 4. These renumberings by Chrysander resulted in confusion which still persists.[12]
The 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition comments that "The complete edition of the German Handelgesellschaft suffers from being the work of one man who would not recognize that his task was beyond any single man's power ... Yet Chrysander's services in the restoration of Handel are beyond praise".[13]
Structure of the society
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At the time of the publication of the first volume of the Händelgesellschaft in 1858, the society was run by directors and a committee. The following details were taken from information printed in the first volume:
Directors
The directors (German: Directorium) were:
- Jul. Rietz, Vorsitzender (president)
- M. Hauptmann, Secretair (secretary)
- Breitkopf & Härtel, Cassirer (treasurer)
- Fr. Chrysander
- G. G. Gervinus
Committee
The 27 committee members (German: Ausschuss) were:
C. F. Becker in Leipzig | Director J. F. Kittl in Prag | Prof. J. Moscheles in Leipzig |
Prof. L. Bischoff in Cöln | Dr. E. Krüger in Aurich | Musikdirector G. D. Otten in Hamburg |
Dr. Faisst in Stuttgart | Gen.-Musikdirector Fr. Lachner in München | Graf von Redern in Berlin |
Musikdirector R. Franz in Halle | Kapellmeister V. Lachner in Mannheim | Musikdirector F. W. Rühl in Frankfurt a. M. |
C. P. G. Grädener in Hamburg | Hofkapellmeister Dr. Liszt in Weimar | Victor Schoelcher in London |
Musikdirector H. Giehne in Carlsruhe | Prof. Jul. Maier in München | Schnyder von Wartensee in Frankfurt a.M. |
Kapellmeister Fr. Hauser in München | Musikdirector C. A. Mangold in Darmstadt | Musikdirector E. Sobolewski in Bremen |
Kapellmeister Fr. Hiller in Cöln | Musikdirector Fr. Marpurg in Mainz | Musikdirector Jul. Stern in Berlin |
Prof. O. Jahn in Bonn | Gen.-Musikdirector G. Meyerbeer in Berlin | Hofkapellmeister A. Wehner in Hannover |
The structure of the society was printed in the following fifteen volumes: 1, 5, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 23, 28, 34, 36, 56, 65, 71 and 76.
Volumes
The publications were labelled as "Lieferung" (which is German for "consignment" or "delivery") followed by a Roman numeral indicating the volume number. For example, the fourth volume (containing the oratorio Hercules) was labelled as "Lieferung IV". The volumes are also sometimes referred to as "Bands".
Unless stated in the table below, Chrysander wrote a foreword for each volume. All volumes are in German, however most (again indicated below) include various English translations. Where a volume contains more than one work, the ordering of the HWV numbers indicate the order in which the works were published within the volume. The original German spelling of the volume titles has been retained.
The 105 volumes (which includes six supplement volumes) published in the Händelgesellschaft are (note that volume 49 was never published):
Vol. | Title | Foreword date | Publisher | Genre | Pages | Notes and works (including HWV numbers). |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | Susanna | 16 Oct 1858 | The society | Oratorio | 251 | Contains the score (on 216 pages) for the oratorio Susanna (HWV 66). The volume begins with three pages of a programmatic introduction (in German) titled "Ankündigung einer vollständigen Ausgabe von Händel's Werken" ("Announcement of a complete edition of Handel's works"). Contains the text of the work (also in English). |
II | Klavierstücke | 23 Feb 1859 | The society | Keyboard (solo) | 189 | Contains the score (on 174 pages) of some of Handel's keyboard works. The volume begins with a page (in German) from the publishing company Breitkopf & Härtel titled "An die Mitglieder der deutschen Händelgesellschaft" (meaning "To the members of the German Handel Society"). Under the heading Erste Sammlung (First Collection) are the following eight works:[14]
Under the heading Zweite Sammlung (Second Collection) are the following nine works:[14]
Under the heading Dritts Sammlung (Third Collection) are the following twelve works:[14]
Under the heading Vierte Sammlung (Fourth Collection) are the following six works:[14]
|
III | Acis und Galatea. Pastoral | 25 Mar 1859 | The society | Masque | 151 | Contains the score (on 132 pages) for the pastoral masque Acis und Galatea (HWV 49). There is no indication of who wrote the foreword. Contains the text of the work (also in English). |
IV | Herakles | 1 Aug 1859 | The society | Oratorio | 286 | Contains the score (on 262 pages) for the oratorio Hercules (HWV 60). There is no indication of who wrote the foreword. Contains the text of the work (also in English). |
V | Athalia | 1 Nov 1859 | The society | Oratorio | 240 | Contains the score (on 215 pages) for the oratorio Athalia (HWV 52). There is no indication of who wrote the foreword. Contains the text of the work (also in English). |
VI | L'Allegro, il Penseroso ed il Moderato | 26 Dec 1859 | The society | Oratorio | 208 | Contains the score (on 180 pages) for the oratorio L'Allegro, il Penseroso ed il Moderato (HWV 55). The score includes a seven-page appendix. There is no indication of who wrote the foreword. Contains the text of the work (also in English). |
VII | Semele | 1 Jul 1860 | The society | Oratorio | 260 | Contains the score (on 234 pages) for the oratorio Semele (HWV 58). Contains a brief foreword by Richter. Contains the text of the work (also in English). |
VIII | Theodora | 31 Dec 1860 | The society | Oratorio | 246 | Contains the score (on 223 pages) for the oratorio Theodora (HWV 68). The score includes a three-page appendix. Contains the text of the work (also in English). |
IX | Passion nach dem Evang. Johannes | 25 Dec 1860 | The society | Passion | 106 | Contains the score (on 78 pages) for the Passion according to the evangelist John. The work is believed to have been composed by the German composer Georg Böhm. Contains the text of the work (also in English). |
X | Samson | 31 Jul 1861 | The society | Oratorio | 330 | Contains the score (on 296 pages) for the oratorio Samson (HWV 57). The score includes a seven-page appendix. Contains the text of the work (also in English). |
XI | Trauerhymne auf den Tod der Königin Karoline | 1 Dec 1861 | The society | Anthem | 96 | Contains the score (on 81 pages) for the anthem Funeral Anthem for Queen Caroline (HWV 264). Contains the text of the work (also in English). |
XII | Alexander's Fest | 15 Jan 1862 | The society | Ode | 190 | Contains the score (on 162 pages) for the ode Alexander's Feast (HWV 75). The volume gives a subtitle for the work as oder die Macht der Tonkunst (meaning "or the Power of Music"). Contains the text of the work (also in English). |
XIII | Saul | 1 Jul 1862 | The society | Oratorio | 302 | Contains the score (on 286 pages) for the oratorio Saul (HWV 53). The score includes an 18-page appendix. Contains the text of the work (also in English). |
XIV | Krönungshymnen für König Georg II | 1 Jan 1863 | The society | Anthem | 138 | Contains the score (on 129 pages) for the four coronation anthems: Zadok the Priest (HWV 258), The King Shall Rejoice (HWV 260), My Heart is Inditing (HWV 261), and Let Thy Hand be Strengthened (HWV 259). Contains the text of the work (also in English). |
XV | Passion nach B. H. Brockes | 1 Mar 1863 | The society | Passion | 172 | Contains the score (on 155 pages) for the passion Brockes Passion (HWV 48). Contains the text of the work (with the English translation printed in the music). Following the foreword, there is an apology from the translator for the very feeble execution of his part of this work. |
XVI | Israel in Aegypten | 1 Aug 1863 | The society | Oratorio | 290 | Contains the score (on 279 pages) for the oratorio Israel in Egypt (HWV 54). Contains the text of the work (also in English). |
XVII | Josua | 1 Mar 1864 | The society | Oratorio | 213 | Contains the score (on 199 pages) for the oratorio Joshua (HWV 64). Contains the text of the work (also in English). |
XVIII | Die Wahl des Herakles | 1 May 1864 | The society | Oratorio | 112 | Contains the score (on 90 pages) for the oratorio The Choice of Hercules (HWV 69). Contains the text of the work (also in English). |
XIX | Belsazar | 1 Nov 1864 | The society | Oratorio | 294 | Contains the score (on 267 pages) for the oratorio Belshazzar (HWV 61). The score contains a six-page appendix. Contains the text of the work (also in English). |
XX | Sieg der Zeit und Wahrheit | 1 Jul 1865 | The society | Oratorio | 202 | Contains the score (on 168 pages) for the oratorio The Triumph of Time and Truth (HWV 71). Contains the text of the work (also in English). |
XXI | Instrumental-Concerte | 1 Aug 1865 | The society | Concerto | 139 | Contains the score (on 116 pages) of six concerti grossi (the "Opus 3" set) and various other instrumental concertos and works. The following works appear in the publication: |
XXII | Judas Maccabäus | 1 Jan 1866 | The society | Oratorio | 256 | Contains the score (on 231 pages) for the oratorio Judas Maccabaeus (HWV 63). Contains the text of the work (also in English). |
XXIII | Cäcilien-Ode | 16 Oct 1866 | The society | Ode | 112 | Contains the score (on 87 pages) for the ode Ode for St. Cecilia's Day (HWV 76). The score contains an eight-page appendix. Contains the text of the work (also in English). |
XXIV | Il Trionfo del Tempo e dell Verità | 16 Oct 1866 | The society | Oratorio | 130 | Contains the score (on 120 pages) for the oratorio The Triumph of Time and Truth (HWV 46b). Contains the text of the work (also in English). |
XXV | Dettinger Te Deum | 1 Nov 1866 | The society | Canticle | 118 | Contains the score (on 108 pages) for the canticle Dettingen Te Deum (HWV 283). Contains the text of the work (also in English). |
XXVI | Salomo | 1 Dec 1867 | The society | Oratorio | 334 | Contains the score (on 327 pages) for the oratorio Solomon (HWV 67). Contains the text of the work (also in English). |
XXVII | Kammermusik Sonate da Camera |
15 Apr 1879 | The society | Chamber music | 216 | Contains the score (on 200 pages) for the "Opus 1", "Opus 2" and "Opus 5" sets of instrumental sonatas (as well as many other sonatas). The foreword is also written in English. Note that the number of sonatas in parts one, three, and four differ from the number indicated by the title of the section. Part I: Fifteen Solo sonatas:
Part II: Six Sonatas for two Oboes and Bass:
Part III: Nine Sonatas for two Violins &c and Bass:
Part IV: Six Sonatas for two Violins &c and Bass:
|
XXVIII | 12 Orgel – Concerte mit Orchester-Begleitung | 1 Aug 1868 | The society | Concerto | 158 | Contains the score (on 140 pages) of twelve organ concertos (the six organ concertos comprising the "Opus 4" set, and the six organ concertos comprising the "Opus 7" set). The following works appear in the volume:[16] |
XXIX | Debora | 1 Mar 1869 | The society | Oratorio | 292 | Contains the score (on 243 pages) for the oratorio Deborah (HWV 51). The score contains an eight-page appendix. Contains the text of the work (also in English). |
XXX | 12 Grosse Concerte | 20 Dec 1869 | The society | Concerto | 185 | Contains the score (on 180 pages) of twelve concerti grossi (the "Opus 6" set). The following works appear in the publication:
|
XXXI | Utrechter Te Deum und Jubilate | 1 Dec 1869 | The society | Canticle | 95 | Contains the score (on 87 pages) of the "Utrecht" Te Deum (HWV 278) and the score of the Utrecht" Jubilate (HWV 279). On page 44 is a reproduction of the last page of the Te Deum—in Handel's handwritting. |
XXXII | Italienische Duette und Trios | 1 May 1870 | The society | Duets and Trios | 122 | Contains the score (on 109 pages) of thirteen Italian Duets and two Italian Trios. The 1870 edition of the volume was a subset of the 1880 edition. All text of the works is given in both German and Italian (except for duet XIII which only has the Italian text against the score). The works included in the volume are:[17]
|
XXXIIa | Italienische Duette und Trios | 1 Aug 1880 | The society | Duets and Trios | 190 | Contains the score (on 175 pages) of twenty-two Italian Duets and two Italian Trios. The 1880 edition is labelled "XXXIIa" (with the "a" being hand-written on the title page). All text of the works is given in both German and Italian. The 1880 edition of the volume was a superset of the 1870 edition and contains the following:[17]
|
XXXIII | Alexander Balus | 1 Jun 1870 | The society | Oratorio | 233 | Contains the score (on 213 pages) for the oratorio Alexander Balus (HWV 65). Contains the text of the work (also in English). |
XXXIV | Psalmen – Erster Band | 1 Feb 1871 | The society | Anthem (Psalm) | 315 | Contains the score (on 288 pages) for nine anthems (based on Psalms). The first (German: erster) of three volumes containing Psalm anthems. Contains the text of the works (also in English). With the exception of anthem VB, all in the volume are considered part of the Chandos Anthems. The volume contains the following works:[18] |
XXXV | Psalmen – Zweiter Band | 16 Oct 1871 | The society | Anthem (Psalm) | 314 | Contains the score (on 300 pages) for six anthems (based on Psalms). The second (German: zweiter) of three volumes containing Psalm anthems. Contains the text of the works (also in English). The first five anthems in the volume are considered part of the Chandos Anthems. The volume contains the following works:[18]
|
XXXVI | Psalmen – Dritter Band | 1 May 1872 | The society | Anthem (Psalm) | 269 | Contains the score (on 247 pages) for seven anthems (based on Psalms). The third (German: dritter) of three volumes containing Psalm anthems. Contains the text of the works (also in English). The last two anthems in the volume are placed in an appendix. The volume contains the following works:[18]
|
XXXVII
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