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Found footage is a cinematic technique in which all or a substantial part of the work is presented as if it were film or video recordings recorded by characters in the story, and later "found" and presented to the audience. The events on screen are typically seen through the camera of one or more of the characters involved, often accompanied by their real-time, off-camera commentary. For added realism, the cinematography may be done by the actors themselves as they perform, and shaky camera work and naturalistic acting are routinely employed. The footage may be presented as if it were "raw" and complete or as if it had been edited into a narrative by those who "found" it.
The most common use of the technique is in horror films, such as The Blair Witch Project, Cannibal Holocaust, Paranormal Activity, Diary of the Dead, REC, Cloverfield, Trollhunter, V/H/S, and Incantation, where the footage is purported to be the only surviving record of the events, with the participants now missing or dead. It has also been used in science fiction (e.g., Chronicle, District 9, Project Almanac, Europa Report), drama (e.g., Zero Day, Exhibit A), comedy (e.g., Project X), mystery (e.g., Searching), family (e.g., Earth to Echo), experimental arthouse (e.g., The Connection, The Outwaters) and war (e.g. 84C MoPic) films.
Although found footage was originally the name of an entirely different genre, it is now frequently used to describe pseudo-documentaries crafted with this narrative technique (e.g. Lake Mungo, Noroi: The Curse) and screenlife films (e.g. Unfriended, Searching). The film magazine Variety has, for example, used the term "faux found-footage film" to describe some titles. Film scholar David Bordwell criticizes this recent usage, arguing that it sows confusion, and instead prefers the term "discovered footage" for the narrative gimmick.[1]
Characteristics
Found-footage films typically employ one or more of six cinematic techniques—first-person perspective, pseudo-documentary, mockumentary, news footage, surveillance footage, or screenlife —according to an analysis of 500 found-footage films conducted by Found Footage Critic.[2]
History
As a storytelling technique, found footage has precedents in literature, particularly in the epistolary novel, which typically consists of either correspondence or diary entries, purportedly written by a character central to the events. Like found footage, the epistolary technique has often been employed in horror fiction: both Dracula and Frankenstein are epistolary novels, as is The Call of Cthulhu by H. P. Lovecraft.
In filmmaking, the 1980 cult horror feature Cannibal Holocaust is often claimed to be the first example of found footage.[3] However, Shirley Clarke's arthouse film The Connection (1961) and the Orson Welles directed The Other Side of the Wind, a found footage movie shot in the early 1970s but released in 2018, predate Cannibal Holocaust.[4] America's Deadliest Home Video (1991), remains a potent use of the format as well as an unsung groundbreaker in the found-footage field - an ahead-of-its-time application of the vérité-video form to the horror/crime genre.[5] The device was popularised by The Blair Witch Project (1999).[6] Found footage has since been used in other commercially successful films, including Paranormal Activity (2007), REC (2007), Cloverfield (2008) and Chronicle (2012).[7] Reviewing V/H/S for The A.V. Club, Scott Tobia notes that the genre "has since become to the '00s and '10s what slasher movies were to the '80s."[8]
The genre appeals to film producers because of its lower cost, as it is believed the illusion of amateur documentary style allows lower production values than would be accepted on a conventional film.
Writer-director Christopher B. Landon, who has made several found footage horror films, posits that the genre is likely to extend in the future outside horror.[9]
Examples
 | This section needs additional citations for verification. (February 2023) |
Films
The following entries are notable films in the found footage genre, though some were only partially made in that style.
| Title | Release year | Director(s) | Production company | Ref(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| The Connection | 1961 | Shirley Clarke | The Connection Company | |
| Coming Apart | 1969 | Milton Moses Ginsberg | Kaleidoscope Films | |
| Cannibal Holocaust | 1980 | Ruggero Deodato | F.D. Cinematografica | |
| Special Bulletin | 1983 | Edward Zwick | Ohlmeyer Communications Company | |
| Guinea Pig: Devil's Experiment | 1985 | Satoru Ogura | Sai Enterprise | |
| UFO Abduction | 1989 | Dean Alioto | IndieSyndicate Productions | |
| 84C MoPic | 1989 | Patrick Sheane Duncan | New Century Vista Film Company | |
| America's Deadliest Home Video | 1991 | Jack Perez | Randum Film Group | |
| Man Bites Dog | 1993 | Rémy Belvaux André Bonzel Benoît Poelvoorde |
Les Artistes Anonymes | |
| Forgotten Silver | 1995 | Peter Jackson | WingNut Films | |
| Little Sister | 1995 | Robert Jan Westdijk | Grote Broer Filmwerken CV | |
| Alien Abduction: Incident in Lake County | 1998 | Dean Alioto | Dick Clark Productions | |
| The Last Broadcast | 1998 | Stefan Avalos Lance Weiler |
FFM Productions | |
| The Blair Witch Project | 1999 | Daniel Myrick Eduardo Sánchez |
Haxan Films | |
| The St. Francisville Experiment | 2000 | Ted Nicolaou | The Kushner-Locke Company | |
| Gang Tapes | 2001 | Adam Ripp | Lionsgate | |
| August Underground | 2001 | Fred Vogel | Absu Films Toetag Pictures |
|
| The Collingswood Story | 2002 | Mike Costanza | Cinerebel Media | |
| August Underground's Mordum | 2003 | Fred Vogel Killjoy Cristie Whiles Jerami Cruise Michael T. Schneider |
Toetag Pictures | |
| The Great American Snuff Film | 2003 | Sean Tretta | Ominous Productions | |
| The Last Horror Movie | 2003 | Julian Richards | Prolific Films Snakehair Productions |
|
| Zero Day | 2003 | Ben Coccio | Professor Bright Films | |
| Incident at Loch Ness | 2004 | Zak Penn | Eden Rock Media | |
| September Tapes | 2004 | Christian Johnston | Complex Films Raz Productions Raz Entertainment Persistent Entertainment |
|
| Noroi: The Curse | 2005 | Kōji Shiraishi | Xanadeux Company | |
| Alone with Her | 2006 | Eric Nicholas | Pin Hole Productions LLC The Weinstein Company |
|
| The Zombie Diaries | 2006 | Kevin Gates Michael Bartlett |
Off World Films Bleeding Edge Films |
|
| State's Evidence | 2006 | Benjamin Louis | Terra Entertainment | |
| The Hunt | 2007 | Fritz Kiersch | Graymark Productions Azisa Pictures |
|
| Welcome to the Jungle | 2007 | Jonathan Hensleigh | Steelbridge Film Works Bauer Martinez Studios Valhalla Motion Pictures |
|
| The Poughkeepsie Tapes | 2007 | John Erick Dowdle | Brothers Dowdle Productions Poughkeepsie Films |
|
| August Underground's Penance | 2007 | Fred Vogel | Toetag Pictures | |
| Redacted | 2007 | Brian De Palma | Magnolia Pictures | |
| Long Pigs | 2007 | Chris Power | Clowns After Midnight Productions Jordan Entertainment Chris Bridges Effects Studio |
|
| Head Case | 2007 | Anthony Spadaccini | Fleet Street Films B.P.A. Productions Group, Inc. |
|
| Exhibit A | 2007 | Dom Rotheroe | Warp Films | |
| Paranormal Activity | 2007 | Oren Peli | Blumhouse Productions | |
| Death of a Ghost Hunter | 2007 | Sean Tretta | Ominous Productions | |
| Live! | 2007 | Bill Guttentag | Atlas Entertainment | |
| Rec | 2007 | Jaume Balagueró Paco Plaza |
Castelao Producciones Filmax |
|
| Look | 2007 | Adam Rifkin | Captured Films | |
| Monster | 2008 | Erik Estenberg | The Asylum | |
| Cloverfield | 2008 | Matt Reeves | Bad Robot | |
| Diary of the Dead | 2008 | George A. Romero | Artfire Films Romero-Grunwald Productions |
|
| Lake Mungo | 2008 | Joel Anderson | Screen Australia | |
| Home Movie | 2008 | Christopher Denham | Modernciné | |
| Bryan Loves You | 2008 | Seth Landau | Seth Landau | |
| Quarantine | 2008 | John Erick Dowdle | Vertigo Entertainment Andale Pictures Filmax Entertainment |
|
| No Through Road | 2009 | Steven Chamberlain | [10][11] | |
| Occult | 2009 | Kōji Shiraishi | Image Rings Creative Axa Company Ltd. |
|
| Evil Things | 2009 | Dominic Perez | Go Show Media | |
| District 9 | 2009 | Neill Blomkamp | QED International WingNut Films |
|
| The Ritual | 2009 | Anthony Spadaccini | Fleet Street Films B.P.A. Productions Group, Inc. |
|
| Trash Humpers | 2009 | Harmony Korine | Alcove Entertainment Warp Films O' Salvation |
|
| Rec 2 | 2009 | Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Found_footage_(film_technique)