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The European emission standards are vehicle emission standards for pollution from the use of new land surface vehicles sold in the European Union and European Economic Area member states and the United Kingdom, and ships in EU waters.[1][2] The standards are defined in a series of European Union directives staging the progressive introduction of increasingly stringent standards.
In December 2023, Euro 7 was provisionally agreed to include non-exhaust emissions such as particulates from tyres and brakes.[3][4][5] Until 2030 fossil fuelled vehicles are allowed to have dirtier brakes than electric vehicles.[6]: 5
Background
 | This section needs additional citations for verification. (March 2024) |
In the European Union, emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx), total hydrocarbon (THC), non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC), carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matter (PM) are regulated for most vehicle types, including cars, trucks (lorries), locomotives, tractors and similar machinery, barges, but excluding seagoing ships and aeroplanes.[7][8] For each vehicle type, different standards apply. Compliance is determined by running the engine at a standardised test cycle.[9] Non-compliant vehicles cannot be sold in the EU, but new standards do not apply to vehicles already on the roads.[10] No use of specific technologies is mandated to meet the standards, though available technology is considered when setting the standards. New models introduced must meet current or planned standards, but minor lifecycle model revisions may continue to be offered with pre-compliant engines.
Along with Emissions standards the European Union has also mandated a number of computer on-board diagnostics for the purposes of increasing safety for drivers. These standards are used in relation to the emissions standards.
During the early 2000s, Australia began harmonising Australian Design Rule certification for new motor vehicle emissions with Euro categories. Euro III was introduced on 1 January 2006 and is progressively being introduced to align with European introduction dates.
As of March 2024 Euro 7 is awaiting formal approval by EU countries.[11]
Toxic emission: stages and legal framework
 | This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: euro 7 per https://theicct.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/ID-116-–-Euro-7-standard_final.pdf. (March 2024) |
The stages are typically referred to as Euro 1, Euro 2, Euro 3, Euro 4, Euro 5 and Euro 6 for Light Duty Vehicle standards.
The legal framework consists in a series of directives, each amendments to the 1970 Directive 70/220/EEC.[12] The following is a summary list of the standards, when they come into force, what they apply to, and which EU directives provide the definition of the standard.
- Euro 1 (1992):
- For passenger cars—91/441/EEC.[13]
- Also for passenger cars and light lorries—93/59/EEC.
- Euro 2 (1996) for passenger cars—94/12/EC (& 96/69/EC)
- For motorcycle—2002/51/EC (row A)[14]—2006/120/EC
- Euro 3 (2000) for any vehicle—98/69/EC[15]
- For motorcycle—2002/51/EC (row B)[14]—2006/120/EC
- Euro 4 (2005) for any vehicle—98/69/EC (& 2002/80/EC)
- Euro 5 (2009) for light passenger and commercial vehicles—715/2007/EC[16]
- Euro 6 (2014) for light passenger and commercial vehicles—459/2012/EC[17] and 2016/646/EU[18]
- Euro 7 (2030 to 2031)[11][19]
These limits supersede the original directive on emission limits 70/220/EEC.
The classifications for vehicle category are defined by:[20]
- Commission Directive 2001/116/EC of 20 December 2001, adapting to technical progress Council Directive 70/156/EEC on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the type-approval of motor vehicles and their trailers[21][22]
- Directive 2002/24/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 March 2002 relating to the type-approval of two or three-wheeled motor vehicles and repealing Council Directive 92/61/EEC
Emission standards for passenger cars
Emission standards for passenger cars and light commercial vehicles are summarised in the following tables. Since the Euro 2 stage, EU regulations introduce different emission limits for diesel and petrol vehicles. Diesels have more stringent CO standards but are allowed higher NOx emissions. Petrol-powered vehicles are exempted from particulate matter (PM) standards through to the Euro 4 stage, but vehicles with direct injection engines are subject to a limit of 0.0045 g/km for Euro 5 and Euro 6. A particulate number standard (P) or (PN) has been introduced in 2011 with Euro 5b for diesel engines and in 2014 with Euro 6 for petrol engines.[23][24][25]
From a technical perspective, European emissions standards do not reflect everyday usage of the vehicle as manufacturers are allowed to lighten the vehicle by removing the back seats, improve aerodynamics by taping over grilles and door handles or reduce the load on the generator by switching off the headlights, the passenger compartment fan or simply disconnecting the alternator which charges the battery.[26]
| Tier | Date (type approval) | Date (first registration) | CO | THC | NMHC | NH3 | NOx | HC+NOx | PM | PN | Brake PM10[b] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diesel | |||||||||||
| Euro 1[c] | July 1992 | January 1993 | 2.72 (3.16) | – | – | – | – | 0.97 (1.13) | 0.14 (0.18) | – | – |
| Euro 2 | January 1996 | January 1997 | 1.0 | – | – | – | – | 0.7 | 0.08 | – | – |
| Euro 3 | January 2000 | January 2001 | 0.66 | – | – | – | 0.500 | 0.56 | 0.05 | – | – |
| Euro 4 | January 2005 | January 2006 | 0.50 | – | – | – | 0.250 | 0.30 | 0.025 | – | – |
| Euro 5a | September 2009 | January 2011 | 0.50 | – | – | – | 0.180 | 0.230 | 0.005 | – | – |
| Euro 5b | September 2011 | January 2013 | 0.50 | – | – | – | 0.180 | 0.230 | 0.0045 | 6×1011 | – |
| Euro 6b | September 2014 | September 2015 | 0.50 | – | – | – | 0.080 | 0.170 | 0.0045 | 6×1011 | – |
| Euro 6c | – | September 2018 | 0.50 | – | – | – | 0.080 | 0.170 | 0.0045 | 6×1011 | – |
| Euro 6d-Temp | September 2017 | September 2019 | 0.50 | – | – | – | 0.080 | 0.170 | 0.0045 | 6×1011 | – |
| Euro 6d | January 2020 | January 2021 | 0.50 | – | – | – | 0.080 | 0.170 | 0.0045 | 6×1011 | |
| Euro 6e | September 2023 | September 2024 | 0.50 | – | – | – | 0.080 | 0.170 | 0.0045 | 6×1011 | – |
| Petrol | |||||||||||
| Euro 1[c] | July 1992 | January 1993 | 2.72 (3.16) | – | – | – | – | 0.97 (1.13) | – | – | – |
| Euro 2 | January 1996 | January 1997 | 2.2 | – | – | – | – | 0.5 | – | – | – |
| Euro 3 | January 2000 | January 2001 | 2.3 | 0.20 | – | – | 0.150 | – | – | – | – |
| Euro 4 | January 2005 | January 2006 | 1.0 | 0.10 | – | – | 0.080 | – | – | – | – |
| Euro 5a | September 2009 | January 2011 | 1.0 | 0.10 | 0.068 | – | 0.060 | – | 0.005[d] | – | – |
| Euro 5b | September 2011 | January 2013 | 1.0 | 0.10 | 0.068 | – | 0.060 | – | 0.0045[d] | – | – |
| Euro 6b | September 2014 | September 2015 | 1.0 | 0.10 | 0.068 | – | 0.060 | – | 0.0045[d] | 6×1011[e] | – |
| Euro 6c | – | September 2018 | 1.0 | 0.10 | 0.068 | – | 0.060 | – | 0.0045[d] | 6×1011 | – |
| Euro 6d-Temp | September 2017 | September 2019 | 1.0 | 0.10 | 0.068 | – | 0.060 | – | 0.0045[d] | 6×1011 | – |
| Euro 6d | January 2020 | January 2021 | 1.0 | 0.10 | 0.068 | – | 0.060 | – | 0.0045[d] | 6×1011 | – |
| Euro 6e | September 2023 | September 2024 | 1.0 | 0.10 | 0.068 | – | 0.060 | – | 0.0045[d] | 6×1011 | – |