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Empress consort of Japan
...| Empress of Japan | |
|---|---|
| 皇后 | |
Imperial | |
gou_Flag.svg) | |
| Incumbent | |
_(2).jpg) | |
| Masako since 1 May 2019 | |
| Details | |
| Style | Her Majesty[1] |
| Residence | Tokyo Imperial Palace (official residence) |
| Website | The Imperial Household Agency |
The Empress of Japan[a] is the title given to the wife of the Emperor of Japan or a female ruler in her own right. The current empress consort is Empress Masako, who ascended the throne with her husband on 1 May 2019.
Empress regnant
Titles
- Josei Tennō (女性天皇, lit. "female heavenly emperor") or Jotei (女帝, lit. "female emperor")[2] – Because there is no feminine equivalent to king and emperor in East Asian languages, different titles are used for female monarchs and female consorts. Josei Tennō refers only to an empress regnant of Japan, and Jotei refers to an empress regnant of any countries.[b]
- Tennō (天皇, lit. "heavenly emperor") or Kōtei (皇帝, lit. "emperor") – Unlike European languages, in East Asia, the titles of female monarchs can also be abbreviated as "king" or "emperor", much like their male counterparts. However, to avoid confusion with male monarchs, they are usually referred to as "female king" or "female emperor".
List of empresses regnant
There were eight female imperial reigns (six empresses regnant including two who reigned twice) in Japan's early history between 593 and 770, and two more in the early modern period (Edo period). Although there were eight reigning empresses, with only one exception their successors were selected from amongst the males of the paternal Imperial bloodline.[3] After many centuries, female reigns came to be officially prohibited only when the Imperial Household Law was issued in 1889 alongside the new Meiji Constitution.
The eight historical empresses regnant are:
- Nukatabe, Empress Suiko (推古天皇 Suiko Tennō) was the 33rd empress of Japan from 593 until 628, according to the traditional order of succession, and the first historically attested woman to hold this position. She was the granddaughter of Tashiraga of Yamato, herself sister of the childless Emperor Buretsu, transferring some legitimacy in succession to the throne of Yamato to her husband Emperor Keitai. Tashiraga's mother had been Kasuga of Yamato, sister of the childless Emperor Seinei, whose own marriage with the future Emperor Ninken had a similar effect a generation earlier. According to legends, these ladies descended from the legendary Empress Jingū, who had been ruler (since Meiji-era rewrites of history, Regent) of Yamato for decades at some time in the past, probably in the mid-4th century (if she really existed), and who herself descended, according to legends, from Amaterasu omikami, the Sun Goddess of the Japanese pantheon.
- Takara, Empress Kōgyoku (皇極天皇 Kōgyoku Tennō), also Empress Saimei (斉明天皇 Saimei Tennō) was the 35th and 37th empress of Japan, initially from February 18, 642, to July 12, 645, ascending upon the death of her uncle Emperor Jomei (who had also been her second husband). When she abdicated, her own younger brother succeeded her. However, upon the death of the said younger brother, she reascended the throne as Empress Saimei on February 14, 655, and ruled until her death on August 24, 661. She was succeeded by her and Emperor Jomei's son, Naka no Ōe, as Emperor Tenji.
- Unonosasara, Empress Jitō (持統天皇 Jitō Tennō) was the 41st imperial ruler of Japan, and ruled from 686 until 697. The previous emperor was her uncle and husband, Emperor Tenmu, and she later abdicated the throne to her grandson Emperor Monmu.
- Ahe, Empress Genmei (also Empress Genmyō; 元明天皇 Genmei Tennō) was the 43rd imperial ruler of Japan ruling 707–715 (died December 7, 721). She was Empress Jitō's younger half-sister and the mother of Emperor Monmu, who died in an young age.
- Hitaka, Empress Genshō (元正天皇 Genshō Tennō) was the 44th monarch of Japan (715–724). She succeeded after her mother Empress Genmei and later abdicated to her nephew Emperor Shōmu, son of Emperor Monmu.
- Abe, Empress Kōken (孝謙天皇 Kōken Tennō) also Empress Shōtoku (称徳天皇 Shōtoku Tennō) was the 46th imperial ruler of Japan from 749 to 758, and the 48th from 764 to 770. Her posthumous name for her second reign (764–770) was Empress Shōtoku. She never married and her ex-crown prince was Prince Bunado, her first cousin twice removed, but after her death, another of her cousins ascended the throne as Emperor Kanmu, who was also her brother-in-law.
- Okiko, Empress Meishō (明正天皇 Meishō Tennō) was the 109th empress of Japan, reigning from December 22, 1629, to November 14, 1643. She ascended upon the abdication of her father, being the eldest surviving child of her parents (the empress, Tokugawa Masako, had only four daughters without surviving sons), holding priority over her younger half-brothers.
- Toshiko, Empress Go-Sakuramachi (後桜町天皇 Go-Sakuramachi Tennō) was the 117th empress of Japan, and ruled from September 15, 1762, to January 9, 1771. She abdicated in favor of her young nephew. Surviving over forty years, the retired Empress held all those decades the position of Dajo Tenno, and acted as sort of guardian of subsequent emperors.
Other than the eight historical empresses regnant, two additional empress are traditionally believed to have reigned, but historical evidence for their reigns is scant and they are not counted among the officially numbered Emperors/Empresses regnant:
- Empress Jingū r. 206–269 (Empress Consort of Emperor Chūai)—not counted among the officially numbered Emperors
- Princess Iitoyo: Imperial princess and possibly empress regnant. She was baptized as Empress Tsunuzashi in the list of emperors of Japan.
Under Shinto religious influence, the goddess Amaterasu, who is of the highest rank in the kami system, might suggest that Japan's first rulers were women.[4] According to the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki chronicles in Japanese mythology, the Emperors of Japan are considered to be direct descendants of Amaterasu.
Empress consort
Titles
- Kōgō (皇后) – It is the title of a non-reigning empress consort.[c] The title, still in use, is generally conferred on an emperor's wife who had given birth to the heir to the throne.[5] The title was first awarded posthumously in 806 to the late mother of Emperor Heizei.[6] In ancient Japan, most of the empresses consort were princesses, except for Iwa no hime (empress consort of Nintoku). After Empress Kōmyō (empress consort of Shōmu), daughters of the Fujiwara clan or other clans could become empresses consort.
- Kōtaigō (皇太后) – Empress Mother/Empress Dowager
- Tai-Kōtaigō (太皇太后) – Grand Empress Mother/Grand Empress Dowager
- Chūgū (中宮) – It was a term that evolved during the Heian period; and it came to be understood as the title of the empress. For a time, Chūgū replaced Kōgō; and then the titles became interchangeable.[7] The numbers of Kōgō varied, but there was only one Chūgū at a time.[8] Originally, Chūgū (中宮) referred to the palace of the Kōgō (皇后), Kōtaigō (皇太后), or Tai-Kōtaigō (太皇太后). Until the mid-Heian Period, the emperor had only one empress consort, and the empress consort was also called Chūgū. From the time of Emperor Ichijō, when emperors had two empresses consort, one of them came to be called Kōgō and another one was called Chūgū.
- Junbo-Ritsugō (准母立后) – It means individuals elevated to the rank of empress due to their position as honorary mother of the emperor. After maiden Princess Yasuko became empress as the honorary or adoptive mother of Emperor Horikawa, maiden princesses could also become empress.
- Zōkō (贈后) – It means individuals that were given the title of empress posthumously.
- Jōkōgō (上皇后) – Empress Emerita
List of empresses consort
| Portrait | Name | Spouse | Tenure | Life details |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Himetataraisuzu-hime 媛蹈鞴五十鈴媛 |
Emperor Jimmu | 660[9]–581 BC[10] (81 years) |
Daughter of Kotoshironushi. Married Emperor Jimmu in 681 BC.[9] Gave birth to Emperor Suizei and two other children. Empress dowager from 581 BC.[10] |
|
Isuzuyori-hime 五十鈴依媛命 |
Emperor Suizei | 580[10]–548 BC[11] (32 years) |
Daughter of Kotoshironushi. Gave birth to Emperor Annei. Empress dowager from 548 BC.[11] |
|
|
Nunasokonakatsu-hime 渟名底仲媛命 |
Emperor Annei | 546[12]–510 BC[13] (36 years) |
Daughter of Prince Kamo; niece of Himetataraisuzu-hime and Isuzuyori-hime. Gave birth to Emperor Itoku and two other children. Empress dowager from 510 BC.[13] |
|
|
Amonotoyototsu-hime 天豊津媛命 |
Emperor Itoku | 509[13]–475 BC[14] (34 years) |
Daughter of Prince Okisomimi; granddaughter of Emperor Annei and Nunasokonakatsu-hime. Gave birth to Emperor Kōshō and one other child. Empress dowager from 475 BC.[14] |
|
|
Yosotarashi-hime 世襲足媛 |
Emperor Kōshō | 447[14]–392 BC[15] (55 years) |
Daughter of Ame no Oshio no Mikoto. Gave birth to Emperor Kōan and one other child. Empress dowager from 392 BC.[15] |
|
|
Oshihime 押媛 |
Emperor Kōan | 367[15]–290 BC[16] (77 years) |
Daughter of Prince Ametarashihikokunioshihito; granddaughter of Emperor Kōshō and Yosotarashi-hime. Gave birth to Emperor Kōrei and one other child. Empress dowager from 290 BC.[16] |
|
|
Kuwashi-hime 細媛命 |
Emperor Kōrei | 289[16]–214 BC[17] (74 years) |
Daughter of Shiki no Agatanushi Oome. Gave birth to Emperor Kōgen. Empress dowager from 214 BC.[17] |
|
|
Utsushikome 欝色謎命 |
Emperor Kōgen | 208[18]–157 BC[19] (50 years) |
Daughter of Oyakuchisukune. Gave birth to Emperor Kaika and three other children. Empress dowager from 157 BC.[19] |
|
|
Ikagashikome 伊香色謎命 |
Emperor Kaika | 152[19]–97 BC[20] (75 years) |
Daughter of Ōhesoki. Was a concubine of Emperor Kōgen, with whom she had one child. Later married Emperor Kaika and gave birth to Emperor Sujin and one other child. Empress dowager from 97 BC.[20] |
|
|
Mimaki-hime 御間城姫 |
Emperor Sujin | 97[20]–29 BC[21] (68 years) |
Daughter of Prince Ōhiko; granddaughter of Emperor Kōgen and Utsushikome. Gave birth to Emperor Suinin and five other children. Empress dowager from 29 BC.[21] |
|
Saho-hime 狭穂姫命 |
Emperor Suinin | 28[22]–25 BC[23] (3 years) |
died 25 BC[23]
Daughter of Prince Hikoimasu; granddaughter of Emperor Kaika. Gave birth to one child. Died during the rebellion of her older brother, Sahohiko.[23] |
|
|
Hibasu-hime
日葉酢媛命 |
15 BC[24]–AD 3[25] (18 years) |
died AD 3[25]
Daughter of Prince Tanba-no-Michinoushi; great-granddaughter of Emperor Kaika; niece of Saho-hime. Gave birth to Emperor Keikō and four other children. | |
|
|
Harima no Inabi no Ōiratsume
播磨稲日大郎姫 |
Emperor Keikō | 72[26]–122[27] (40 years) |
died 122[27]
Daughter of Prince Wakatakehiko; granddaughter of Emperor Kōrei. Gave birth to four children. |
|
|
Yasakairi-hime
八坂入媛命 |
122[27]–132[28] (10 years) |
Daughter of Prince Yasakairihiko; granddaughter of Emperor Sujin; half-cousin of Emperor Keikō. Gave birth to Emperor Seimu and 11 other children. Empress dowager from 132.[28] | |
|
Okinagatarashi-hime 気長足姫尊 |
Emperor Chūai | 193[29]–201[30] (8 years) |
169–269 (100 years) Daughter of Okinaganosukune; great-great-great-granddaughter of Emperor Kaika. Gave birth to Emperor Ōjin and served as his regent from 201 until 269. Empress dowager from 201.[30] |
|
Nakatsu-hime 仲姫命 |
Emperor Ōjin | 271[31]–313[32] (41 years) |
Daughter of Homudamawaka. Gave birth to Emperor Nintoku and two other children. Empress Dowager from 313.[32] |
|
|
Princess Iwa 磐之媛命 |
Emperor Nintoku | 314[33]–347[34] (33 years) |
died 347[34]
Daughter of Katsuragi no Sotsuhiko; great-great-great-granddaughter of Emperor Kōgen. Poet. Gave birth to Emperor Richū, Emperor Hanzei, Emperor Ingyō and one other child. |
|
|
Princess Yata 八田皇女 |
appointed 350[34] | Daughter of Emperor Ōjin. | |
|
|
Princess Kusakanohatabino-hime 草香幡梭皇女 |
Emperor Richū | appointed 405[35] | Daughter of Emperor Ōjin. Gave birth to Princess Nakashi. |
|
|
Oshisaka no Ōnakatsuhime 忍坂大中姫 |
Emperor Ingyō | 413[36]–453[37] (40 years) |
Daughter of Prince Wakanuke no Futamata; granddaughter of Emperor Ōjin. Gave birth to Emperor Ankō, Emperor Yūryaku and seven other children. Empress dowager from 453.[37] |
|
|
Princess Nakashi 中磯皇女 |
Emperor Ankō | appointed 455[38] | Daughter of Emperor Richū and Kusakanohatabino-hime; niece of Emperor Ankō. Previously married to Prince Ōkusaka, son of Emperor Nintoku, and had one child with him. Became a concubine of Emperor Ankō in 454.[38] |
|
|
Kusaka no Hatabi no hime 草香幡梭姫皇女 |
Emperor Yūryaku | appointed 457[39] | Daughter of Emperor Nintoku. |
|
|
Princess Naniwa no Ono 難波小野王 |
Emperor Kenzō | 485[40]–489[41] (4 years) |
died 489[41]
In the Nihon Shoki: daughter of Prince Oka-no-Wakugo; great-granddaughter of Emperor Ingyō. In the Kojiki: daughter of Prince Iwaki; granddaughter of Emperor Yūryaku. Committed suicide due to fears over disrespecting Emperor Ninken when he was crown prince.[41] |
|
|
Princess Kasuga no Ōiratsume 春日大娘皇女 |
Emperor Ninken | appointed 488[42] | Daughter of Emperor Yuryaku. Gave birth to Emperor Buretsu, Princess Tashiraka, Princess Tachibana no Nakatsu and six other children. |
|
|
Kasuga no Iratsume 春日娘子 |
Emperor Buretsu | appointed 499[43] | Unknown parents. |
|
|
Princess Tashiraka 手白香皇女 |
Emperor Keitai | appointed 507[44] | born 489
Daughter of Emperor Ninken and Princess Kasuga no Ōiratsume. Gave birth to one child. |
|
|
Princess Kasuga no Yamada 春日山田皇女 |
Emperor Ankan | appointed 534[45] | Daughter of Emperor Ninken. Married Emperor Ankan in 513.[46] |
|
|
Princess Tachibana no Nakatsu 橘仲皇女 |
Emperor Senka | 536[47]–539[48] (3 years) |
Daughter of Emperor Ninken and Princess Kasuga no Ōiratsume. Gave birth to five children. Empress dowager from 539.[48] |
|
|
Princess Ishi-hime 石姫皇女 |
Emperor Kinmei | 540[49]–572[50] (32 years) |
Daughter of Emperor Senka and Princess Tachibana no Nakatsu. Gave birth to Emperor Bidatsu and two other children. Empress dowager from 572. |
|
|
Hirohime 広姫 |
Emperor Bidatsu | 575[51][52] (10 months) |
died 575
Daughter of Prince Okinaga-no-Mate; great-great-granddaughter of Emperor Ōjin. Gave birth to three children. |
|
Princess Nukatabe 額田部皇女 |
576[52]–585 (9 years) |
554–628 (74 years) Daughter of Emperor Kinmei. Gave birth to eight children. Empress regnant from 592. | |
|
|
Princess Hashihito no Anahobe 穴穂部間人皇女 |
Emperor Yōmei | 586[53]–587 (1 year) |
560–621 (61 years) Daughter of Emperor Kinmei. Married to Emperor Yōmei in 564. Gave birth to four children. |
|
Princess Takara 宝皇女 |
Emperor Jomei | 630[54]–641 (11 years) |
594–661 (67 years) Daughter of Prince Chinu; great-granddaughter of Emperor Bidatsu. Gave birth to Emperor Tenji, Emperor Kōtoku and one other child. Empress regnant from 642 until 645 and from 655 until 661. |
|
|
Princess Hashihito 間人皇女 |
Emperor Kōtoku | appointed 645 | died 665
Daughter of Emperor Jomei and Princess Takara. |
|
|
Yamato Hime no Ōkimi 倭姫王 |
Emperor Tenji | appointed 668[55] | Daughter of Prince Furuhito no Ōe; granddaughter of Emperor Jomei. Poet. Gave birth to Emperor Tenmu. |
|
Princess Unonosarara 鸕野讃良皇女 |
Emperor Tenmu | 673[56]–686 (13 years) |
645–703 (57–58 years) Daughter of Emperor Tenji. Gave birth to one child. Empress regnant from 686 until 697. |
|
Fujiwara Asukabehime 藤原安宿媛 |
Emperor Shōmu | 729–749 (9 years) |
701–760 (58–59 years) Daughter of Fujiwara no Fuhito. Gave birth to Empress Kōken and one other child. Empress dowager from 749. |
|
|
Princess Inoe 井上内親王 |
Emperor Kōnin | 770–772 (2 years) |
717–775 (57–58 years) Daughter of Emperor Shōmu; half-sister of Empress Kōken. Gave birth to Sakahito, as well as to Osabe who was named crown prince. Deposed in 772 after being accused of using curses and black magic to promote Osabe to the throne. |
|
|
Fujiwara no Otomuro 藤原乙牟漏 |
Emperor Kanmu | 783–790 (6 years) |
760–790 (29–30 years) Daughter of Fujiwara no Yoshitsugu. Gave birth to Emperor Heizei, Emperor Saga and Princess Koshi. Posthumously appointed empress dowager in 806. |
|
|
Fujiwara no Tarashiko 藤原帯子 |
Emperor Heizei | posthumously appointed in 806 | died 794
Daughter of Fujiwara no Momokawa. Married Emperor Heizei before his accession to the throne. |
|
|
Tachibana no Kachiko 橘嘉智子 |
Emperor Saga | 815–823 (7 years) |
786–850 (63–64 years) Daughter of Tachibana no Kiyotomo. Married Emperor Saga in 809. Gave birth to Emperor Ninmyō, Princess Seishi and five other children. Empress dowager from 823 until 833. Grand empress dowager from 833. |
|
|
Princess Koshi 高志内親王 |
Emperor Junna | posthumously appointed in 823 | 789–809 (19–20 years) Daughter of Emperor Kanmu and Fujiwara no Otomuro. Married Emperor Junna in 804. Gave birth to four children. |
|
|
Princess Seishi 正子内親王 |
Emperor Junna | 827–833 (6 years) |
810–879 (68–69 years) Daughter of Emperor Saga and Tachibana no Kachiko. Gave birth to three children. Empress dowager from 833 until 854. Grand empress dowager from 854. |
|
|
Fujiwara no Onshi 藤原穏子 |
Emperor Daigo | 923–931 (7 years) |
885–954 (68–69 years) Daughter of Fujiwara no Mototsune. Gave birth to Emperor Suzaku, Emperor Murakami and two other children. Empress dowager from 931 until 946. Grand empress dowager from 946. |
|
|
Fujiwara no Anshi 藤原安子 |
Emperor Murakami | 958–964 (5 years) |
927–964 (68–69 years) Daughter of Fujiwara no Morosuke. Gave birth to Emperor Reizei, Emperor En'yu and seven other children. |
|
|
Princess Masako 昌子内親王 |
Emperor Reizei | 967–973 (5 years) |
950–1000 (49–50 years) Daughter of Emperor Suzaku. Adopted one child. Empress dowager from 973 until 986. Grand empress dowager from 986. |
|
|
Fujiwara no Koshi 藤原媓子 |
Emperor En'yū | 973–979 (5 years) |
947–979 (31–32 years) Daughter of Fujiwara no Kanemichi. |
|
|
Fujiwara no Junshi 藤原遵子 |
982–997 (15 years) |
957–1017 (59–60 years) Daughter of Fujiwara no Yoritada. Empress dowager from 1000 until 1012. Grand empress dowager from 1012. | |
|
|
Fujiwara no Teishi 藤原定子 |
Emperor Ichijō | 990–1001 (10 years) |
977–1001 (23–24 years) Daughter of Fujiwara no Michitaka. Gave birth to three children. |
|
|
Fujiwara no Shōshi 藤原彰子 |
1000–1012 (12 years) |
988–1074 (86 years) Daughter of Fujiwara no Michinaga. Gave birth to Emperor Go-Ichijō and Emperor Go-Suzaku. Empress dowager from 1012 to 1018. Grand empress dowager from 1018. | |
|
|
Fujiwara no Seishi 藤原娍子 |
Emperor Sanjō | 1012–1016 (4 years) |
972–1025 (52–53 years) Daughter of Fujiwara no Naritoki. Gave birth to six children. |
|
|
Fujiwara no Kenshi 藤原妍子 |
1012–1018 (6 years) |
994–1027 (32–33 years) Daughter of Fujiwara no Michinaga. Gave birth to Princess Teishi. Empress dowager from 1018. | |
|
|
Fujiwara no Ishi 藤原威子 |
Emperor Go-Ichijō | 1018–1036 (18 years) |
1027–1105 (77–78 years) Daughter of Fujiwara no Michinaga. Gave birth to Princess Shōshi (1027–1105) and Princess Kaoruko. |
|
|
Princess Teishi 禎子内親王 |
Emperor Go-Suzaku | 1037–1051 (14 years) |
1013–1094 (80 years) Daughter of Emperor Sanjō and Fujiwara no Kenshi (994–1027). Gave birth to Emperor Go-Sanjō and two other children. Empress dowager from 1051 until 1068. Grand empress dowager from 1068. |
|
|
Fujiwara no Genshi 藤原嫄子 |
1037–1039 (2 years) |
1016–1039 (23 years) Daughter of Prince Atsuyasu; granddaughter of Emperor Ichijō; adopted daughter of Fujiwara no Yorimichi. Gave birth to two children. | |
|
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Princess Shōshi 章子内親王 |
Emperor Go-Reizei | 1046–1068 (22 years) |
1027–1105 (77–78 years) Daughter of Emperor Go-Ichijō and Fujiwara no Ishi. Empress dowager from 1068 until 1069. Grand empress dowager from 1069. |
|
|
Fujiwara no Hiroko 藤原寛子 |
1051–1069 (18 years) |
1036–1127 (90–91 years) Daughter of Fujiwara no Yorimichi. Empress dowager from 1069 until 1074. Grand empress dowager from 1074. | |
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Fujiwara no Kanshi 藤原歓子 |
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