This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "East London, South Africa" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

East London eMonti (Xhosa) Oos-Londen (Afrikaans)
City
East London, looking toward the sea
East London Show map of Eastern Cape East London Show map of South Africa East London Show map of Africa
Coordinates: 33°01′03″S 27°54′17″E / 33.01750°S 27.90472°E / -33.01750; 27.90472
Country	South Africa
Province	Eastern Cape
Municipality	Buffalo City
Established	1847; 177 years ago (1847)[1]
Area [2]
• City	168.86 km2 (65.20 sq mi)
• Metro	2,536 km2 (979 sq mi)
Population  (2011)[2]
• City	267,007
• Density	1,600/km2 (4,100/sq mi)
• Metro	755,200
• Metro density	300/km2 (770/sq mi)
Racial makeup (2011) [2]
• Black African	70.1%
• Coloured	11.6%
• Indian/Asian	1.8%
• White	16.0%
• Other	0.5%
First languages (2011) [2]
• Xhosa	61.8%
• English	21.2%
• Afrikaans	13.3%
• Other	3.8%
Time zone	UTC+2 (SAST)
Postal code (street)	5200
PO box	5201–5499
Area code	043

East London (Xhosa: eMonti; Afrikaans: Oos-Londen) is a city on the southeastern coast of South Africa,^[3] in the Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality, Eastern Cape Province. The city lies on the Indian Ocean coast, largely between the Buffalo River and the Nahoon River, and hosts the country's only river port. As of 2011^[update], East London had a population of over 267,000 with over 755,000 in the surrounding metropolitan area.^[4]

History

Early history

John Bailie, one of the 1820 Settlers, surveyed the Buffalo River mouth and founded the town in 1836. There is a memorial on Signal Hill commemorating the event.^[5] The city formed around the only river port in South Africa and was originally known as Port Rex. Later it was renamed London in honour of the capital city of the United Kingdom, hence the name East London. This settlement on the West Bank was the nucleus of the town of East London, which was elevated to city status in 1914.^{[citation needed]}

During the early to mid-19th century frontier wars between the British settlers and the local Xhosa inhabitants, East London served as a supply port to service the military headquarters^{[citation needed]} at nearby King William's Town, about 50 km (31 mi) away. A British fort, Fort Glamorgan, was built on the West Bank in 1847, and annexed to the Cape Colony that same year. This fort is one of a series of British-built forts, including Fort Murray, Fort White, Fort Cox, Fort Hare, Fort Jackson and Fort Beaufort, in the border area that became known as British Kaffraria.

With later development of the port came the settlement of permanent residents, including German settlers, most of whom were bachelors. These settlers were responsible for German names of some towns in the vicinity of East London such as Stutterheim and Berlin. Today, German surnames such as Gehring, Salzwedel and Peinke are still common in East London, but the descendants of the settlers rapidly became Anglicised.^{[citation needed]}

The existing port, in the mouth of the Buffalo River, adjoining the Indian Ocean, began operating in 1870.^[6][7] In 1872, the Cape Colony, under the leadership of its first Prime Minister John Molteno, attained a degree of independence from Britain. The new government merged the three neighbouring settlements of East London, East London East and Panmure in 1873, forming the core of the current municipality, and in 1876 it began construction on the region's railway lines, commencing on the river's east bank. At the same time, it began construction of the East London harbour. This new infrastructure rapidly accelerated development of the area into today's thriving city of East London.^[8][9]

The unusual double-decker bridge over the Buffalo River was completed in 1935, and to this day is the only bridge of its type in South Africa. Modern day attractions include the Gately House, City Hall, Cape Railways, Nahoon Museum, East London Museum housing the coelacanth, a prehistoric fish, thought to be extinct, discovered live at the Chalumna River mouth near East London by fishermen in 1938,^[10] and numerous memorial statues.

Apartheid era

In 1948, the National Party came to power in South Africa, and began to implement the policy of apartheid. Apartheid as a doctrine envisaged the total segregation of races in South Africa, and East London was no different. In 1950, the Group Areas Act was placed upon the statute books making absolute segregation in all urban areas mandatory. In 1951, the Land Tenure Advisory Board, the body created to enforce the act, conducted initial investigations into the reallocation of space along racial lines in East London. Residential segregation had long been practised in East London prior to the advent of apartheid. In 1941, the East London Municipality moved residents from East Bank townships to the newly built township of Duncan Village.^[11]

In 1951, all inter-racial property exchanges were prohibited in East London. In 1955, the Amalinda area was zoned as a White Group Area by Government Gazette Proclamation number 21. This meant that the municipality's plans to extend the area in order to accommodate the Black African population were abandoned.^[11] In 1953, residents in the East Bank were forcibly moved to the new township of Mdantsane.^[12] In February 1966, the South African government defined Mdantsane as a separate homeland township. In 1956, Prime Minister Henrik Verwoerd, who was the architect of apartheid, forbade the East London municipality from extending the existing Duncan Village township and sanctioned the building of Mdantsane.^[11]

In 1961, these plans provided for the allocation of a distinct wedge of the city for Asian and Coloured residence, which "incorporated the areas of North End and the recently proclaimed Buffalo Flats location. This plan occasioned tremendous resentment in the city prompting petitions and letters of complaint from numerous organisations including the Black Sash, trade unions and various Black community groups. In 1967, the East London Municipality proclaimed the majority of the city an area for White occupancy, with the exception of a broad sector of land encompassing the Parkside, Parkridge and Buffalo Flats areas which was zoned for Coloured residence. Certain parts of Duncan Village were abolished and its African residents removed, new coloured and Asian locations were built and proclaimed upon land in 1973. In the same year, the newly constructed location of Braelynn was proclaimed an Indian area while Buffalo Flats Extension and Pefferville were proclaimed as Coloured areas. The construction/ extension of Coloured areas and the Duncan Village were suspended in 1983.^[11]

Post-apartheid

At the end of apartheid in 1994, East London became part of the province of Eastern Cape. In 2000, East London became part of Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality, also consisting of Qonce, Bhisho and Mdantsane and is the seat of the Metro.

Geography and climate

East London
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D     69     26 18     92     26 19     105     25 18     83     24 15     52     23 13     40     21 11     47     21 10     78     21 11     80     21 12     102     22 14     110     23 16     63     25 17 █ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C █ Precipitation totals in mm Source: SAWS[13]
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     2.7     79 64     3.6     79 66     4.1     77 64     3.3     75 59     2     73 55     1.6     70 52     1.9     70 50     3.1     70 52     3.1     70 54     4     72 57     4.3     73 61     2.5     77 63 █ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F █ Precipitation totals in inches

East London has an oceanic climate (Köppen Cfb), bordering on a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa), with the warm temperatures and moderation typical of the South African coastline. Although it has no true dry season, there is a drying trend in the winter, with the wettest times of year being spring and autumn. There is also a shorter and lesser dry period in December and January.

The all-time record low is 3 °C (37.4 °F), and the all-time record high is 44 °C (111.2 °F) on 13 March 2021.^[14] The hottest temperatures have been recorded in springtime and autumn, rather than the summer months, due to violent berg (foehn) winds. Temperatures above 38 °C (100 °F) have only been recorded early in the season, from August to December. Berg winds contribute to these high temperatures, as already warm air from the arid interior is further heated through compression as it drops over the escarpment to sea level. Although temperatures have never dropped below freezing since records began, East London has recorded snowfall in 1985 and 1989.^[15]

Demographics

East London is the second-largest city in the Eastern Cape with a population of 474,000 as of 2016. English is the first spoken language in the city and Xhosa is the second language spoken.

Gender	Population
Male	140,505
Female	155,400

Race	Population
Black African	211,581
White	42,780
Coloured	35,090
Asian	4,732
Other groups	1,632

Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=East_London,_South_Africa
Text je dostupný za podmienok Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License 3.0 Unported; prípadne za ďalších podmienok. Podrobnejšie informácie nájdete na stránke Podmienky použitia.

---



---

www.astronomia.sk | www.biologia.sk | www.botanika.sk | www.dejiny.sk | www.economy.sk | www.elektrotechnika.sk | www.estetika.sk | www.farmakologia.sk | www.filozofia.sk | Fyzika | www.futurologia.sk | www.genetika.sk | www.chemia.sk | www.lingvistika.sk | www.politologia.sk | www.psychologia.sk | www.sexuologia.sk | www.sociologia.sk | www.veda.sk I www.zoologia.sk

---

Languages	Population
Zulu	1,663
Xhosa	179,600
English	54,504
Afrikaans	34,742
Northern Sotho	558
Tswana	618
Sotho	1,234
Tsonga	379
Venda	168
Ndebele