Fish are very diverse animals and can be categorised in many ways. Although most fish species have probably been discovered and described, about 250 new ones are still discovered every year. According to FishBase about 34,800 species of fish had been described as of February 2022,^[5] which is more than the combined total of all other vertebrate species: mammals, amphibians, reptiles and birds.

Fish species diversity is roughly divided equally between marine (oceanic) and freshwater ecosystems. Coral reefs in the Indo-Pacific constitute the centre of diversity for marine fishes, whereas continental freshwater fishes are most diverse in large river basins of tropical rainforests, especially the Amazon, Congo, and Mekong basins. More than 5,600 fish species inhabit Neotropical freshwaters alone, such that Neotropical fishes represent about 10% of all vertebrate species on the Earth. Exceptionally rich sites in the Amazon basin, such as Cantão State Park, can contain more freshwater fish species than occur in all of Europe.^[6]

By taxonomy

Fish systematics is the formal description and organisation of fish taxa into systems. It is complex and still evolving. Controversies over "arcane, but important, details of classification are still quietly raging".^[7]

The term "fish" describes any non-tetrapod chordate, (i.e., an animal with a backbone), that has gills throughout life and has limbs, if any, in the shape of fins.^[8] Unlike groupings such as birds or mammals, fish are paraphyletic, since the tetrapod clade is within the clade of lobe-finned fishes.^[9][10]

Jawless fish

Jawless fish were the earliest fish to evolve. There is current debate over whether these are really fish at all. They have no jaw, no scales, no paired fins, and no bony skeleton. Their skin is smooth and soft to the touch, and they are very flexible. Instead of a jaw, they possess an oral sucker. They use this to fasten onto other fish, and then use their rasp-like teeth to grind through their host's skin into the viscera. Jawless fish inhabit both fresh and salt water environments. Some are anadromous, moving between both fresh and salt water habitats.

Extant jawless fish are either lamprey or hagfish. Juvenile lamprey feed by sucking up mud containing micro-organisms and organic debris. The lamprey has well-developed eyes, while the hagfish has only primitive eyespots. The hagfish coats itself and carcasses it finds with noxious slime to deter predators, and periodically ties itself into a knot to scrape the slime off. It is the only invertebrate fish and the only animal which has a skull but no vertebral column.^[11]

• 
  Lampreys attached to a lake trout
• 
  Mouth of a sea lamprey
• 
  Pacific hagfish resting on bottom at 280 m

Cartilaginous fish

Cartilaginous fish have a cartilaginous skeleton. However, their ancestors were bony animals, and were the first fish to develop paired fins. Cartilaginous fish don't have swim bladders. Their skin is covered in placoid scales (dermal denticles) that are as rough as sandpaper. Because cartilaginous fish do not have bone marrow, the spleen and special tissue around the gonads produces red blood cells. Their tails can be asymmetric, with the upper lobe longer than the lower lobe. Some cartilaginous fishes possess an organ called a Leydig's organ which also produces red blood cells.

There are over 980 species of cartilaginous fish. They include sharks, rays and chimaera.

• 
  Tiger shark
• 
  Whale shark
• 
  Stingray
• 
  This elephant fish is a chimaera

Bony fish

Bony fish include the lobe-finned fish and the ray finned fish. The lobe-finned fish is the class of fleshy finned fishes, consisting of lungfish and coelacanths. They are bony fish with fleshy, lobed paired fins, which are joined to the body by a single bone.^[12] These fins evolved into the legs of the first tetrapod land vertebrates, amphibians. Ray finned fishes are so-called because they possess lepidotrichia or "fin rays", their fins being webs of skin supported by bony or horny spines ("rays").

There are three types of ray finned fishes: the chondrosteans, holosteans, and teleosts. The chondrosteans and holosteans are among the earlier fish to evolve, and share characteristics with both teleosts and sharks. In comparison with the other chondrosteans, the holosteans are closer to the teleosts and further from sharks.

• 
  Lungfish can breathe in air as well as water
• 
  Model of a coelacanth, thought until 1938 to be extinct. They are deep blue.
• 
  This Atlantic sturgeon is a chondrostean
• 
  This bowfin is a holostean

Teleosts

Teleosts are the most advanced or "modern" fishes. They are overwhelmingly the dominant class of fishes (or for that matter, vertebrates) with nearly 30,000 species, covering about 96 per cent of all extant fish species. They are ubiquitous throughout fresh water and marine environments from the deep sea to the highest mountain streams. Included are nearly all the important commercial and recreational fishes.^[13]

Teleosts have a movable maxilla and premaxilla and corresponding modifications in the jaw musculature. These modifications make it possible for teleosts to protrude their jaws outwards from the mouth.^[14][15] The caudal fin is homocercal, meaning the upper and lower lobes are about equal in size. The spine ends at the caudal peduncle, distinguishing this group from those in which the spine extends into the upper lobe of the caudal fin.^[14]

• 
  Swordfish are teleosts
• 
  Rose fish are also teleosts
• 
  Eels are teleosts too
• 
  So are seahorses

By habitat

See also: Marine habitats There is 10,000 times as much saltwater in the oceans as there is freshwater in the lakes and rivers. However, only 58 per cent of extant fish species live in saltwater. A disproportionate 41 per cent are freshwater fish (the remaining one per cent are anadromous).[16] This diversity in freshwater species is perhaps not surprising, since the thousands of separate lake habitats promote speciation.[17] Habitat Area Volume Depth Species Fish biomass million km2 million cu km (mean) count per cent million tonnes Saltwater 361[18] 1370.8[19] 3.8 km 18,000 58[16] 800–2,000[20] Freshwater 1.5[21] 0.13[22] 87 m 13,000 41[16] Fish can also be demersal or pelagic. Demersal fish live on or near the bottom of oceans and lakes, while pelagic fish inhabit the water column away from the bottom. Habitats can also be vertically stratified. Epipelagic fish occupy sunlit waters down to 200 metres (110 fathoms), mesopelagic fish occupying deeper twilight waters down to 1,000 meters (3,300 ft), and bathypelagic fish inhabiting the cold and pitch black depths below. Most oceanic species (78 per cent, or 44 per cent of all fish species), live near the shoreline. These coastal fish live on or above the relatively shallow continental shelf. Only 13 per cent of all fish species live in the open ocean, off the shelf. Of these, 1 per cent are epipelagic, 5 per cent are pelagic, and 7 per cent are deep water.[16] Fish are found in nearly all natural aquatic environments.[23] Most fish, whether by species count or abundance, live in warmer environments with relatively stable temperatures.[17] However, some species survive temperatures up to 44.6 °C (112.3 °F), while others cope with colder waters; there are over 200 finfish species south of the Antarctic Convergence.[24] Some fish species tolerate salinities over 10 per cent.[23]

Habitat	Abyssobrotula galatheae		The world's deepest living fish, Abyssobrotula galatheae, a species of cusk eel, lives in the Puerto Rico Trench at a depth of 8,372 meters (27,467 ft).[23][25] Due to the extreme pressure, this appears to be around the theoretical maximum depth possible for fish.[26][27]
	Stone loach		At the other extreme, the Tibetan stone loach lives at altitudes over 5,200 meters (17,100 ft) in the Himalayas.[23][28]
	Blue shark		Some marine pelagic fish range over vast areas, such as the blue shark that lives in all oceans.
	Blind cave fish		Other fish are confined to single, small living spaces, such as the blind cave fish in North America.[29]
	Death Valley pupfish		Equally isolated desert pupfish, like the Death Valley pupfish (pictured), live in small desert spring systems in Mexico and the southwest United States.
	Thermichthys hollisi		The bythitid vent fish Thermichthys hollisi lives around thermal vents 2,400 metres (1,300 fathoms) deep.[23][30]
	Sargassum frogfish		The highly camouflaged sargassum frogfish lives in drifting sargassum seaweed. It has adapted fins which can grab strands of sargassum, enabling it to climb through the seaweed.[31] It avoids threats from larger predator fish by climbing out of water onto the surface of a seaweed mat, where it can survive for some time.[32]

By life span

Some of the shortest-lived species are gobies, which are small coral reef–dwelling fish. Some of the longest-lived are rockfish.

Life span	Seven-figure pygmy goby		External image World's shortest lived fish Gobies, a type of small coral reef-dwelling fish (pictured), are some of the shortest lived fishes. The seven-figure pygmy goby is the shortest lived of all fish species. It lives at most for 59 days, which is the shortest lifespan for any vertebrate.[33]
	Ram cichlid		Short lived fish have particular value in genetic studies on aging. In particular, the ram cichlid is used in laboratory studies because of its ease of breeding and predictable aging pattern.[34][35]
	Rougheye rockfish		Some of the longest living fishes are rockfish. The longest lived fish is the 205 years reported for the rougheye rockfish, Sebastes aleutianus (pictured). This fish is found offshore in the North Pacific at 25–900 metres (14–492 fathoms) and exhibits negligible senescence.[36][37][38]
	Orange roughy		The orange roughy may be the longest lived commercial fish, with a maximum reported age of 149 years.[39]
	Koi		There are stories about Japanese koi goldfish passed from generation to generation for 300 years. Scientists are sceptical. Counting growth lines on the scales of fish confined to ponds or bowls is unreliable, since they lay down extra lines.[40][41] The maximum reliably reported age for a goldfish is 41 years.[42]
	Atlantic tarpon		One of the longest living sport fish is the Atlantic tarpon, with a reported age of 55 years.[43][44][45]
	Green sturgeon		Some of the longest living fish are living fossils, such as the green sturgeon. This species is among the longest-living species found in freshwater, with a reported age of 60 years. They are also among the largest fish species found in freshwater, with a maximum reported length of 2.5 meters (8.2 ft) and a maximum reported weight of 159 kg (351 lb).[46][47][48]
	Australian lungfish		Another living fossil is the Australian lungfish. One individual has lived in an aquarium for at least 75 years, and is the oldest fish in captivity. According to fossil records, the Australian lungfish has hardly changed for 380 million years.[49][50][51]
	Greenland shark		The Greenland shark has a lifespan of 392 ± 120 years. This is the longest known lifespan of all vertebrate species.[52]

By size

Size	Paedocypris progenetica		External image World's smallest fish Paedocypris progenetica, a type of minnow, is the smallest of all fish species. It lives in the dark-colored peat swamps of the Indonesian island of Sumatra. The females of this species have a standard length of 7.9 mm (0.31 in) at maturity.[53][54][55] Until recently, this was the smallest of all known vertebrates. However, in 2012 a minute Papua New Guinea frog, Paedophryne amauensis, with a standard length of 7.7 mm (0.30 in) was discovered.[56] The slender Indonesian fish may still be the smallest vertebrate by weight.
	Photocorynus spiniceps		Male individuals of the anglerfish species Photocorynus spiniceps are 6.2–7.3 mm (0.24–0.29 in) long at maturity, and thus could be claimed as an even smaller species. However, these males do not survive on their own merit, only by sexual parasitism on the larger female.[57][58][59][60]
	Stout infantfish		The stout infantfish, a type of goby, is the second smallest known fish.[61] Females grow to a length of 8.4 millimetres (0.33 in) and males are mature at 7 millimetres (0.28 in).
	Sinarapan		According to the Guinness Book of World Records, the sinarapan, also a goby, is the world's smallest commercially harvested fish.[62] Found in the Philippines, they have an average length of 12.5 mm (0.49 in), and are threatened by overfishing.[55]
	Whale shark		The largest fish is the whale shark. It is a slow-moving, filter-feeding shark with a maximum published length of 20 m (66 ft) and a maximum weight of 34 tonnes (33 long tons; 37 short tons). Whale sharks can live up to 70 years[63] and are a vulnerable fish.
	Ocean sunfish		The ocean sunfish is the heaviest bony fish. It can weigh up to 2,300 kg (5,100 lb). It is found in all warm and temperate oceans.[64]
	King of herrings		The king of herrings is the longest bony fish. Its total length can reach 11 m (36 ft), and it can weigh up to 272 kilograms (600 lb). It is a rarely seen oarfish, found in all the world's oceans at depths of between 20 m (66 ft) and 1,000 m (3,300 ft).[65]
	Mekong giant catfish		The largest recorded freshwater fish is a Mekong giant catfish caught in 2010, weighing 293 kg (646 lb).[66][67] The Mekong giant catfish is critically endangered.

By breeding behavior

See also: Spawning and Ichthyoplankton In very deep waters, it is not easy for a fish to find a mate. There is no light, so some species depend on bioluminescence. Others are hermaphrodites, which doubles their chances of producing both eggs and sperm when an encounter does occur.[68]

Breeding	Grouper		Female groupers change their sex to male if no male is available. Grouper are protogynous hermaphrodites, who school in harems of three to fifteen females. When no male is available, the most aggressive and largest females change their sex to male.
	Toadfish		Male toadfish "sing" at up to 100 decibels with their swim bladders to attract mates.[69][70][71]
	Anglerfish		Female Haplophryne mollis anglerfish trailing atrophied males she encountered (pictured).[72] The female anglerfish releases pheromones to attract tiny males. When a male finds her, he bites on to her and holds on. When a male of the anglerfish species Haplophryne mollis bites into the skin of a female, he releases an enzyme that digests the skin of his mouth and her body, fusing the pair to the point where the two circulatory systems join up. The male then atrophies into nothing more than a pair of gonads. This extreme sexual dimorphism ensures that, when the female is ready to spawn, she has a mate immediately available.[73]
	Hammerheads		Some sharks such as hammerheads[74] are able to breed parthenogenetically, a type of asexual reproduction where the growth and development of embryos occur without fertilization.

By brooding behavior

See also: Spawning Fish adopt a variety of strategies for nurturing their brood. Sharks, for example, variously follow three protocols with their brood. Most sharks, including lamniformes,[75] are ovoviviparous, bearing their young after the brood nourish themselves, both after hatching and before birth, by consuming the remnants of the yolk and other available nutrients. Some, such as hammerheads,[74] are viviparous, bearing their young after nourishing hatchlings internally, analogously to mammalian gestation. Catsharks[76] and others are oviparous, laying their eggs to hatch in the water. Some animals, predominantly fish such as cardinalfish,[77] practice mouthbrooding, caring for their offspring by holding them in the mouth of a parent for extended periods of time. Mouthbrooding has evolved independently in several different families of fish.

Brooding	Chain catshark		The chain catshark is oviparous, laying its eggs to hatch in the water.
	Great white shark		The great white shark is ovoviviparous, gestating eggs in the uterus for 11 months before giving birth.
	Scalloped hammerhead		The scalloped hammerhead is viviparous, bearing its young after nourishing hatchlings internally.
	Cyphotilapia frontosa		The female Cyphotilapia frontosa mouthbroods its fry. The fry can be seen looking out of her mouth.
	Seahorses		Seahorse males practice pouch-brooding similar to kangaroos. When seahorses mate, the female deposits her eggs into a special pouch on the male's belly. The pouch seals shut while he nurtures the developing eggs. Once the eggs hatch, the pouch opens and the male goes into labour.[78]

By feeding behaviour

External images Video of a slingjaw wrasse catching prey by protruding its jaw Video of a red bay snook catching prey by suction feeding Further information: Aquatic feeding mechanisms There are three basic methods by which food is gathered into the mouths of fish: by suction feeding, by ram feeding, and by manipulation or biting.[79] Nearly all fish species use one of these styles, and most use two.[80] Early fish lineages had inflexible jaws limited to little more than opening and closing. Modern teleosts have evolved protusible jaws that can reach out to engulf prey.[81][82] An extreme example is the protusible jaw of the slingjaw wrasse. Its mouth extends into a tube half as long as its body, which creates a strong suction to catch prey. The extended mouth tucks away under its body when not in use.[83][84] In practice, feeding modes lie on a spectrum, with suction and ram feeding at the extremes. Many fish capture their prey using both suction pressure combined with a forward motion of the body or jaw.[85] Most fish are food opportunists, or generalists. They eat whatever is most easily available.[86] For example, the blue shark feeds on dead whales and nearly everything else that wriggles: other fish, cephalopods, gastropods, ascidians, or crustaceans.[87][88] Ocean sunfish prefer jellyfish.[64]

Feeding	Anglerfish		Anglerfish are lie-in-wait ambush predators. The first spine of their dorsal fin has been modified so it can be used like a fishing line with a lure at the end. Most anglerfish, like the one pictured, live in the darkness of the deep sea and have a bioluminescent lure.[89]
	Archerfish		Archerfish prey on land-based insects and other small animals by shooting them down with water droplets from their specialized mouths. Archerfish are remarkably accurate; adults almost always hit the target on the first shot. They can bring down arthropods such as grasshoppers,[90] spiders and butterflies on a branch of an overhanging tree[91] 3 m (9.8 ft) above the water's surface.[92] This is partially due to good eyesight, but also due to their ability to compensate for light refraction when aiming.[93]
	Triggerfish		Triggerfish also use jets of water to uncover sand dollars buried in sand or overturn sea urchins.[94]
	Silver arowana		Other fish have developed extreme specializations. Silver arowana, also called monkey fish, can leap two meters out of the water to capture prey. They usually swim near the surface of the water waiting for potential prey. Their main diet consists of crustaceans, insects, smaller fishes and other animals that float on the water surface, for which its draw-bridge-like mouth is exclusively adapted for feeding. The remains of small birds, bats, and snakes have also been found in their stomachs.[95]
	Cookiecutter shark		The cookiecutter shark is a small dogfish which derives its name from the way it removes small circular plugs, looking as though cut with a cookie cutter, from the flesh and skin of cetaceans and larger fish, including other sharks. The cookiecutter attaches to its larger prey with its suctorial lips, and then protrudes its teeth to remove a symmetrical scoop of flesh.[96] Pictured is a pomfret with bite wounds from a cookiecutter shark.
	Striped bass		Striped bass eat smaller fish.
	Chinese algae eater		Chinese algae eaters are kept in aquaria to control algae.
	Emperor angelfish		The Emperor angelfish feeds on coral sponges.
	Herring		Schooling herrings ram feed on copepods.
	Mangrove jack		The mangrove jack eats crustaceans.
	Puffer fish		Many puffer fish species crush the shells of molluscs.
	Bucktoothed tetra		The bucktoothed tetra eats scales off other fishes (lepidophagy) and molluscs.
	Cleaner fish		These two small wrasses are cleaner fish, which eat parasites off other fish.
	Cleaning station		A reef manta ray at a cleaning station, maintaining a near stationary position atop a coral patch for several minutes while being cleaned by cleaner fishes.[97]
	Doctor fish		Doctor fish nibbling on the diseased skin of patients. Doctor fish (nibble fish) live and breed in the outdoor pools of some Turkish spas, where they feed on the skin of patients with psoriasis. The fish are like cleaner fish in that they only consume the affected and dead areas of the skin, leaving the healthy skin to recover.

By vision

Main article: Vision in fishes Many species of fish can see the ultraviolet end of the spectrum, beyond the violet wavelength of visible light.[98] Mesopelagic fishes live in the deeper waters of the twilight zone, down to depths of 1000 metres, where the amount of sunlight available is not sufficient to support photosynthesis. These fish are adapted for an active life under low light conditions.

Vision	Four-eyed fish		The four-eyed fish feeds at the surface of the water with eyes that allow it to see above and below the surface at the same time. Four-eyed fish have two specially-adapted eyes which are raised above the top of their head. The eyes are divided in two different parts, and the fish floats at the water surface with only the lower half of each eye underwater. The two halves are divided by a band of tissue and the eye has two pupils, connected by part of the iris. The upper half of the eye is adapted for vision in air, while the lower half is adapted for vision in water.[99] The lens of the eye also changes in thickness top to bottom to account for the difference in the refractive indices of air versus water. Their diet mostly consists of the terrestrial insects which are available at the surface, where they spend most of their time.[100]
	Two stripe damselfish		The two stripe damselfish, Dascyllus reticulatus, has ultraviolet-reflecting colouration which they appear to use as an alarm signal to other fish of their species.[101] Predatory species cannot see this if their vision is not sensitive to ultraviolet. There is further evidence for this view that some fish use ultraviolet as a "high-fidelity secret communication channel hidden from predators", while yet other species use ultraviolet to make social or sexual signals.[102][103]
	Barreleye		Barreleyes are a family of small, unusual-looking mesopelagic fishes, named for their barrel-shaped, tubular, telescopic eyes which are generally directed upwards to detect the silhouettes of available prey.[104][105] The eyes, which dominate and protrude from the skull, may be swivelled forwards in some species. Their eyes have a large lens and a retina with an exceptional number of rod cells and a high density of rhodopsin (the "visual purple" pigment); there are no cone cells.[104] The barreleye species Macropinna microstoma has a transparent protective dome over the top of its head, somewhat like the dome over an airplane cockpit, through which the lenses of its eyes can be seen. The dome is tough and flexible, and presumably protects the eyes from the nematocysts (stinging cells) of the siphonophores from which it is believed the barreleye steals food.[104][105][106]
	Flashlight fish		Flashlight fish use a retroreflector behind the retina and photophores to detect eyeshine in other fish.[107][108][109]

By shape

Boxfishes have heavily armoured plate-like scales fused into a solid, triangular, boxlike carapace, from which the fins, tail, eyes and mouth protrude. Because of this heavy armour, boxfish move slowly, but few other fish are able to eat the adults.^[110]

• 
  The humpback turretfish is a boxfish with an armoured triangular shaped body
• 
  The leafy sea dragon is camouflaged to look like floating seaweed

By locomotion

See also: Fish locomotion A number of species jump while swimming near the surface, skimming the water. Other species walk along the bottom on their fins.

Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Diversity_of_fish
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Loco- motion	Dwarf seahorse		The slowest-moving fishes are the sea horses. The slowest of these, the tiny dwarf seahorse, has a sprint speed of one inch per minute.[111]
	Atlantic bluefin tuna		The Atlantic bluefin tuna is capable of sustained high speed cruising, and maintains high muscle temperatures so it can cruise in relatively cold waters.
	Indo-Pacific sailfish