A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | CH | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9
| Full democracies 9.00–10.00 8.00–8.99 | Flawed democracies 7.00–7.99 6.00–6.99 | Hybrid regimes 5.00–5.99 4.00–4.99 | Authoritarian regimes 3.00–3.99 2.00–2.99 1.00–1.99 0.00–0.99 | No data |
The Democracy Index published by the Economist Group is an index measuring the quality of democracy across the world. This quantitative and comparative assessment is centrally concerned with democratic rights and democratic institutions. The methodology for assessing democracy used in this democracy index is according to Economist Intelligence Unit which is part of the Economist Group, a UK-based private company, which publishes the weekly newspaper The Economist. The index is based on 60 indicators grouped into five categories, measuring pluralism, civil liberties, and political culture. In addition to a numeric score and a ranking, the index categorizes each country into one of four regime types: full democracies, flawed democracies, hybrid regimes, and authoritarian regimes. The first Democracy Index report was published in 2006. Reports were published every two years until 2010 and annually thereafter. The index includes 167 countries and territories, of which 166 are sovereign states and 164 are UN member states. Other democracy indices with similar assessments of the state of democracy[1] include V-Dem Democracy indices or Bertelsmann Transformation Index.
Methodology
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As described in the report,[2] the Democracy Index produces a weighted average based on the answers to 60 questions, each one with either two or three permitted answers. Most answers are experts' assessments. Some answers are provided by public-opinion surveys from the respective countries. In the case of countries for which survey results are missing, survey results for similar countries and expert assessments are used in order to fill in gaps.
The questions are grouped into five categories:
- electoral process and pluralism
- civil liberties
- functioning of government
- political participation
- political culture
Each answer is converted to a score, either 0 or 1, or for the three-answer questions, 0, 0.5 or 1. With the exceptions mentioned below, within each category, the scores are added, multiplied by ten, and divided by the total number of questions within the category. There are a few modifying dependencies, which are explained much more precisely than the main rule procedures. In a few cases, an answer yielding zero for one question voids another question; e.g., if the elections for the national legislature and head of government are not considered free (question 1), then the next question, "Are elections... fair?", is not considered, but automatically scored zero. Likewise, there are a few questions considered so important that a low score on them yields a penalty on the total score sum for their respective categories, namely:
- "Whether national elections are free and fair";
- "The security of voters";
- "The influence of foreign powers on government";
- "The capability of the civil servants to implement policies".
The five category indices, which are listed in the report, are then averaged to find the overall score for a given country. Finally, the score, rounded to two decimals, decides the regime-type classification of the country.
The report discusses other indices of democracy, as defined, e.g., by Freedom House, and argues for some of the choices made by the team from the Economist Intelligence Unit. In this comparison, a higher emphasis is placed on the public opinion and attitudes, as measured by surveys, but on the other hand, economic living-standards are not weighted as one criterion of democracy (as seemingly some other investigators have done).[3][4]
The report is widely cited in the international press as well as in peer-reviewed academic journals.[5]
Definitions
- Full democracies are nations where civil liberties and fundamental political freedoms are not only respected but also reinforced by a political culture conducive to the thriving of democratic principles. These nations have a valid system of governmental checks and balances, an independent judiciary whose decisions are enforced, governments that function adequately, and diverse and independent media. These nations have only limited problems in democratic functioning.[6]
- Flawed democracies are nations where elections are fair and free and basic civil liberties are honoured but may have issues (e.g. media freedom infringement and minor suppression of political opposition and critics). These nations can have significant faults in other democratic aspects, including underdeveloped political culture, low levels of participation in politics, and issues in the functioning of governance.[6]
- Hybrid regimes are nations with regular electoral frauds, preventing them from being fair and free democracies. These nations commonly have governments that apply pressure on political opposition, non-independent judiciaries, widespread corruption, harassment and pressure placed on the media, anaemic rule of law, and more pronounced faults than flawed democracies in the realms of underdeveloped political culture, low levels of participation in politics, and issues in the functioning of governance.[6]
- Authoritarian regimes are nations where political pluralism is nonexistent or severely limited. These nations are often absolute monarchies or dictatorships, may have some conventional institutions of democracy but with meagre significance, infringements and abuses of civil liberties are commonplace, elections (if they take place) are not fair or free (including sham elections), the media is often state-owned or controlled by groups associated with the ruling regime, the judiciary is not independent, and censorship and suppression of governmental criticism are commonplace.[6]
By regime type
The following table indicates the number of nations and the percentage of world population for each type of regime. Some microstates are not considered in the calculation.
| Type of regime | Score | Countries | Proportion of world population (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | (%)w | |||
| Full democracies[a] | 9.00–10.00 8.00–8.99 |
24 | 14.4% | 7.8% |
| Flawed democracies[b] | 7.00–7.99 6.00–6.99 |
50 | 29.9% | 37.6% |
| Hybrid regimes[c] | 5.00–5.99 4.00–4.99 |
34 | 20.4% | 15.2% |
| Authoritarian regimes[d] | 3.00–3.99 2.00–2.99 1.00–1.99 0.00–0.99 |
59 | 35.3% | 39.4% |
List by region
The following table lists the average of each country scored by geographic region, as defined by the Economist Democracy Index.
| Region | Countries | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2011 | 2010 | 2008 | 2006 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Western Europe | 21 | 8.37 | 8.36 | 8.23 | 8.29 | 8.35 | 8.35 | 8.38 | 8.40 | 8.42 | 8.41 | 8.41 | 8.44 | 8.40 | 8.45 | 8.61 | 8.60 |
| North America | 2 | 8.27 | 8.37 | 8.36 | 8.58 | 8.59 | 8.56 | 8.56 | 8.56 | 8.56 | 8.59 | 8.59 | 8.59 | 8.59 | 8.63 | 8.64 | 8.64 |
| Latin America and the Caribbean | 24 | 5.68 | 5.79 | 5.83 | 6.09 | 6.13 | 6.24 | 6.26 | 6.33 | 6.37 | 6.36 | 6.38 | 6.36 | 6.35 | 6.37 | 6.43 | 6.37 |
| Central and Eastern Europe | 28 | 5.37 | 5.39 | 5.36 | 5.36 | 5.42 | 5.42 | 5.40 | 5.43 | 5.55 | 5.58 | 5.53 | 5.51 | 5.50 | 5.55 | 5.67 | 5.76 |
| Asia and Australasia | 28 | 5.21 | 5.46 | 5.62 | 5.67 | 5.67 | 5.67 | 5.63 | 5.74 | 5.74 | 5.70 | 5.61 | 5.56 | 5.51 | 5.53 | 5.58 | 5.44 |
| Sub-Saharan Africa | 44 | 4.04 | 4.14 | 4.12 | 4.16 | 4.26 | 4.36 | 4.35 | 4.37 | 4.38 | 4.34 | 4.36 | 4.33 | 4.32 | 4.23 | 4.28 | 4.24 |
| Middle East and North Africa | 20 | 3.23 | 3.34 | 3.41 | 3.44 | 3.53 | 3.54 | 3.54 | 3.56 | 3.58 | 3.65 | 3.68 | 3.73 | 3.62 | 3.52 | 3.48 | 3.54 |
| World | 167 | 5.23 | 5.29 | 5.28 | 5.37 | 5.44 | 5.48 | 5.48 | 5.52 | 5.55 | 5.55 | 5.53 | 5.52 | 5.49 | 5.46 | 5.55 | 5.52 |
The following table lists the number of countries in each of the four democracy classifications.
| Rank | Region | Countries | Authoritarian | Hybrid regime | Flawed democracy | Full democracy | Average score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Western Europe | 21 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 15 | 8.37 |
| 2 | North America | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 8.27 |
| 3 | Latin America and the Caribbean | 24 | 4 | 7 | 11 | 2 | 5.68 |
| 4 | Asia and Australasia | 28 | 8 | 5 | 10 | 5 | 5.41 |
| 5 | Central and Eastern Europe | 28 | 8 | 4 | 16 | 0 | 5.37 |
| 6 | Sub-Saharan Africa | 44 | 22 | 15 | 6 | 1 | 4.04 |
| 7 | Middle East and North Africa | 20 | 17 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 3.23 |
| World | 167 | 59 | 34 | 50 | 25 | 5.23 |
List by country
The following table shows each nation's score over the years. The regions are assigned by the Economist Intelligence Unit, and may differ from conventional classifications (for example, Turkey is grouped in Western Europe).
| Region | 2023 rank | Country | Regime type | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2011 | 2010 | 2008 | 2006 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| North America | 13 |  Canada
|
Full democracy | 8.69 | 8.88 | 8.87 | 9.24 | 9.22 | 9.15 | 9.15 | 9.15 | 9.08 | 9.08 | 9.08 | 9.08 | 9.08 | 9.08 | 9.07 | 9.07 |
| 29 |  United States
|
Flawed democracy | 7.85 | 7.85 | 7.85 | 7.92 | 7.96 | 7.96 | 7.98 | 7.98
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