The courts of the United States are closely linked hierarchical systems of courts at the federal and state levels. The federal courts form the judicial branch of the US government and operate under the authority of the United States Constitution and federal law. The state and territorial courts of the individual U.S. states and territories operate under the authority of the state and territorial constitutions and state and territorial law.

Federal statutes that refer to the "courts of the United States" are referring only to the courts of the federal government, and not the courts of the individual states and counties. Because of the federalist underpinnings of the division between sovereign federal and state governments, the various state court systems are free to operate in ways that vary widely from those of the federal government, and from one another. In practice, however, every state has adopted a division of its judiciary into at least two levels, and almost every state has three levels, with trial courts hearing cases which may be reviewed by appellate courts, and finally by a state supreme court. A few states have two separate supreme courts, with one having authority over civil matters and the other reviewing criminal cases. 47 states and the federal government allow at least one appeal of right from a final judgment on the merits, meaning that the court receiving the appeal must decide the appeal after it is briefed and argued properly. Three states do not provide a right to a first appeal. Rather, they give litigants only a right to petition for the right to have an appeal heard.

State courts often have diverse names and structures, as illustrated below. State courts hear about 98% of litigation; most states have courts of special jurisdiction, which typically handle minor disputes such as traffic citations, and courts of general jurisdiction responsible for more serious disputes.^[1]

The U.S. federal court system hears cases involving litigants from two or more states, violations of federal laws, treaties, and the Constitution, admiralty, bankruptcy, and related issues.^[2] In practice, about 80% of the cases are civil and 20% criminal.^[1] The civil cases often involve civil rights, patents, and Social Security while the criminal cases involve tax fraud, robbery, counterfeiting, and drug crimes.^[1] The trial courts are U.S. district courts, followed by United States courts of appeals and then the Supreme Court of the United States. The judicial system, whether state or federal, begins with a court of first instance, whose work may be reviewed by an appellate court, and then ends at the court of last resort, which may review the work of the lower courts.^[3]

Institutions which may be considered courts of the United States are listed below.

United States Federal Courts

Geographic based jurisdiction

• Trial Courts: United States district courts^[4] (see federal court sections by state below for specific district courts)
  • List of United States district and territorial courts (94 courts, also listed by state below)
• Appellate Courts: United States courts of appeals^[5]
  • United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit^[6]
  • United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit^[7]
  • United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit^[8]
  • United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit^[9]
  • United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit^[10]
  • United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit^[11]
  • United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit^[12]
  • United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit^[13]
  • United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit^[14]
  • United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit^[15]
  • United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit^[16]
  • United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit^[17]
• Court of last resort:
  • Supreme Court of the United States^[18]

Specific subject-matter jurisdiction

• United States federal courts with Original Jurisdiction over specific subject matter:
  • United States Tax Court^[19]
  • Patent Trial and Appeal Board
  • International Trade Commission
  • United States Court of International Trade^[20]
  • United States Court of Federal Claims^[21]
  • United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court^[22]
  • United States bankruptcy courts^[23]
  • Trademark Trial and Appeal Board
  • United States Merit Systems Protection Board
  • United States Alien Terrorist Removal Court
• Courts with Appellate Jurisdiction over specific subject matter:
  • United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit^[24]
  • United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces^[25]
    • United States Army Court of Criminal Appeals
    • Navy-Marine Corps Court of Criminal Appeals
    • Air Force Court of Criminal Appeals
    • Coast Guard Court of Criminal Appeals
  • United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims^[26]
  • United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review
  • United States Court of Military Commission Review
  • Civilian Board of Contract Appeals
  • Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals
  • Postal Service Board of Contract Appeals
  • Office of Dispute Resolution for Acquisition
  • Board of Immigration Appeals
  • Board of Veterans' Appeals

Former United States Courts

• Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences (before 2012)
• Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture (1780–1789)
• Temporary Emergency Court of Appeals (1971–1992)^[27]
• United States circuit courts (1789–1911)
• United States Commerce Court (1910–1913)^[28]
• United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals (1909–1982)
• United States Court of Private Land Claims (1891–1904)^[29]
• United States Court for Berlin (1955–1990)
• United States District Court for the Canal Zone (1914–1982)
• United States Court for China (1906–1943)

Courts by state of the United States

• State supreme courts
  • State court (United States)

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Alabama

State courts of Alabama

• Supreme Court of Alabama^[30]
  • Alabama Court of Civil Appeals^[31]
  • Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals^[32]
    • Alabama Circuit Courts (41 circuits)^[33]
      • Alabama District Courts (67 districts)^[33]
      • Alabama Municipal Courts (273 courts)^[33]
      • Alabama Probate Courts (68 courts)^[33]
  • Alabama Court of the Judiciary^[34]

Federal courts located in Alabama

• United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama^[35]
• United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama^[36]
• United States District Court for the Southern District of Alabama^[37]

(All United States District Courts in Alabama may be appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit, headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia)

Former federal courts of Alabama

• United States District Court for the District of Alabama (extinct, subdivided in 1824)

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Alaska

State courts of Alaska

• Alaska Supreme Court^[38]
  • Alaska Court of Appeals^[38]
    • Alaska Superior Court (4 districts containing 40 judgeships)^[39]
      • Alaska District Court (21 judgeships)^[39]

Federal courts located in Alaska

• United States District Court for the District of Alaska^[40]

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Arizona

State courts of Arizona

• Arizona Supreme Court^[41]
  • Arizona Court of Appeals (2 divisions)^[42]
    • Superior Court of Arizona (15 counties)^[42]
      • Justices of the Peace (county courts) ^[43] and Arizona Municipal Courts, city trial courts and courts of limited jurisdiction

Federal courts located in Arizona

• United States District Court for the District of Arizona^[44]

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Arkansas

State courts of Arkansas

• Arkansas Supreme Court^[45][46]
  • Arkansas Court of Appeals^[47][46]
    • Arkansas Circuit Courts (28 judicial circuits)^[48][46]
      • Arkansas District Courts^[46]
        • Arkansas State District Courts (32 state judicial districts)^[49]
        • Arkansas Local District Courts (35 local district courts)^[49]
      • Arkansas County Courts (75 counties)

Federal courts located in Arkansas

• United States District Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas^[50]
• United States District Court for the Western District of Arkansas^[51]
• United States Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern and Western Districts of Arkansas

Former federal courts of Arkansas

• United States District Court for the District of Arkansas (extinct, subdivided)

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California

State courts of record of California

• Supreme Court of California^[52]
  • California Courts of Appeal (6 appellate districts)^[53]
    • Superior Courts of California (58 courts, one for each county)^[54]

State quasi-administrative courts of California

• State Bar Court of California;^[55] an administrative court within the judicial branch, subordinate to the California Supreme Court

Federal courts located in California

• United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit (headquartered in San Francisco, having jurisdiction over the United States District Courts of Alaska, Arizona, California, Guam, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, the Northern Mariana Islands, Oregon, and Washington)
  • United States District Court for the Central District of California^[56]
  • United States District Court for the Eastern District of California^[57]
  • United States District Court for the Northern District of California^[58]
  • United States District Court for the Southern District of California^[59]

Former federal courts of California

• United States District Court for the District of California (extinct, subdivided)

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Colorado

State courts of Colorado

• Colorado Supreme Court^[60]
  • Colorado Court of Appeals^[61]
    • Colorado District Courts (22 judicial districts)^[62]
      • Colorado County Courts^[63]

Federal courts located in Colorado

• United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit (headquartered in Denver, having jurisdiction over the United States District Courts of Colorado, Kansas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Utah, and Wyoming)
  • United States District Court for the District of Colorado^[64]

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Connecticut

State courts of Connecticut

• Connecticut Supreme Court^[65]
  • Connecticut Appellate Court^[66]
    • Connecticut Superior Court (13 districts)^[67]
    • Connecticut Probate Courts (54 districts)^[68]

Federal court located in Connecticut:

• United States District Court for the District of Connecticut^[69]

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Delaware

State courts of Delaware

• Delaware Supreme Court^[70]
  • Delaware Court of Chancery^[71]
  • Delaware Superior Court (3 courts, one for each county)^[72]
    • Delaware Family Court^[73]
    • Delaware Court of Common Pleas^[74]
    • Delaware Justice of the Peace Court
    • Delaware Alderman's Court

Federal courts located in Delaware

• United States District Court for the District of Delaware^[75]

Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Courts_of_the_United_States
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