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Commonwealth of Independent States (in other regional languages)
| |
|---|---|
.svg) | |
| Administrative seats | |
| Largest city | Moscow |
| Working language | Russian |
| Type | Intergovernmental |
| Membership | 9 member states
1 associate state |
| Leaders | |
• General Secretary | Sergey Lebedev |
| Legislature | Interparliamentary Assembly[3] |
| Establishment | |
| 8 December 1991 | |
| 21 December 1991 | |
| 22 January 1993 | |
| 20 September 2012 | |
| Area | |
• Total | 20,368,759[4] km2 (7,864,422 sq mi) |
| Population | |
• 2018 estimate |  236,446,000(excluding Crimea) |
• Density | 11.77/km2 (30.5/sq mi) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2022 estimate |
• Total | $5.5 trillion |
• Per capita | $22,500 (approx.) |
| GDP (nominal) | 2022 estimate |
• Total | $2.5 trillion |
• Per capita | $9,000 (approx.) |
| HDI (2017) | 0.740 high |
| Currency | No common currencya Member states
Associate state |
| Time zone | UTC+2 to +12 |
| Driving side | right |
| Internet TLD | .ru, .by, .am, .kz, .kg, .az, .md, .tj, .uz |
Website e-cis | |
a Soviet ruble (руб) used from 1991 to 1994 | |
The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)[a] is a regional intergovernmental organization in Eurasia. It was formed following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. It covers an area of 20,368,759 km2 (7,864,422 sq mi) and has an estimated population of 239,796,010. The CIS encourages cooperation in economic, political, and military affairs and has certain powers relating to the coordination of trade, finance, lawmaking, and security, including cross-border crime prevention.
As the Soviet Union disintegrated, Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine signed the Belovezha Accords on 8 December 1991, declaring that the Union had effectively ceased to exist and proclaimed the CIS in its place. On 21 December, the Alma-Ata Protocol was signed. The Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) chose not to participate. Georgia withdrew its membership in 2008 following the Russo-Georgian War. Ukraine formally ended its participation in CIS statutory bodies in 2018, although it had stopped participating in the organization in 2014 following the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation.[5][6][7] Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine starting from 24 February 2022, Moldova voiced its intention to progressively withdraw from the CIS institutional framework.[8][9]
Eight of the nine CIS member states participate in the CIS Free Trade Area. Three organizations originated from the CIS, namely the Collective Security Treaty Organization, the Eurasian Economic Union (alongside subdivisions, the Eurasian Customs Union and the Eurasian Economic Space); and the Union State. While the first and the second are military and economic alliances, the third aims to reach a supranational union of Russia and Belarus with a common government, currency, and so on.
History and structure
Background
The CIS as a shared Russophone social, cultural, and economic space has its origins in the Russian Empire, which was replaced in 1917 by the Russian Republic after the February Revolution earlier that year. Following the October Revolution, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic became the leading republic in the Soviet Union (USSR) upon its creation with the 1922 Treaty and Declaration of the Creation of the USSR along with Byelorussian SSR, Ukrainian SSR and Transcaucasian SFSR.
In March 1991, amidst Perestroika and a rising political crisis in the country, Mikhail Gorbachev, the president of the Soviet Union, proposed a federation by holding a referendum to preserve the Union as a union of sovereign republics. The new treaty signing never happened as the Communist Party hardliners staged an attempted coup in Moscow August that year.
Founding
Following the events of the failed 1991 coup, many republics of the USSR declared their independence fearing another coup. A week after the Ukrainian independence referendum was held, which kept the chances of the Soviet Union staying together low, the Commonwealth of Independent States was founded in its place on 8 December 1991 by the Byelorussian SSR, the Russian SFSR, and the Ukrainian SSR, when the leaders of the three republics met at the Belovezhskaya Pushcha Natural Reserve,[10] about 50 km (31 mi) north of Brest in Belarus, and signed the "Agreement Establishing the Commonwealth of Independent States", known as the Belovezh Accords (Russian: Беловежские соглашения, romanized: Belovezhskiye soglasheniya).
The CIS announced that the new organization would be open to all republics of the former Soviet Union and to other nations sharing the same goals. The CIS charter stated that all the members were sovereign and independent nations and thereby effectively abolished the Soviet Union. On 21 December 1991, the leaders of eight additional former Soviet Republics (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan) signed the Alma-Ata Protocol which can either be interpreted as expanding the CIS to these states or the proper foundation or foundation date of the CIS,[11] thus bringing the number of participating countries to 11.[12] Georgia joined two years later, in December 1993.[13] At this point, 12 of the 15 former Soviet Republics participated in the CIS, the three non-participants being the Baltic states, which were occupied by the Soviet Union. The CIS and Soviet Union also legally co-existed briefly with each other until 26 December 1991, when the Soviet of the Republics formally dissolved the Soviet Union. This was followed by Ivan Korotchenya becoming Executive Secretary of the CIS on the same day.[14]
After the end of the dissolution process of the Soviet Union, Russia and the Central Asian republics were weakened economically and faced declines in GDP. Post-Soviet states underwent economic reforms and privatisation.[journal 1][15] The process of Eurasian integration began immediately after the break-up of the Soviet Union to salvage economic ties with Post-Soviet republics.[journal 2]
CIS Charter
On 22 January 1993, the Charter (Statutes) of the CIS was signed, setting up the different institutions of the CIS, their functions, and the rules and statutes of the CIS. The Charter also defined that all countries that have ratified the Agreement on the Establishment of the CIS and its relevant (Alma-Ata) Protocol would be considered to be founding states of the CIS, with only those countries ratifying the Charter being considered to be member states of the CIS (art. 7). Other states can participate as associate members or observers if accepted as such by a decision of the Council of Heads of State to the CIS (art. 8).
All the founding states apart from Ukraine and Turkmenistan ratified the Charter of the CIS and became member states of it. Nevertheless, Ukraine and Turkmenistan kept participating in the CIS, without being member states of it. Turkmenistan became an associate member of the CIS in August 2005. Georgia left the CIS altogether in 2009 and Ukraine stopped participating in 2018.
General Secretary
The work of CIS is coordinated by the General Secretary.
| Name | Term |
|---|---|
 Ivan Korotchenya
|
14 May 1993 – 29 April 1998 |
 Boris Berezovsky
|
29 April 1998 – 4 March 1999 |
| Ivan Korotchenya
|
4 March 1999 – 2 April 1999 |
| Yury Yarov
|
2 April 1999 – 14 July 2004 |
| Vladimir Rushailo
|
14 July 2004 – 5 October 2007 |
| Sergei Lebedev
|
5 October 2007 – Present |
Interparliamentary Assembly
The Interparliamentary Assembly was established on 27 March 1992 in Kazakhstan. On 26 May 1995, the CIS leaders signed the Convention on the Interparliamentary Assembly of Member Nations of the Commonwealth of Independent States eventually ratified by nine parliaments, the only CIS member not signing was Georgia. Under the terms of the convention, the InterParliamentary Assembly (IPA) was invested with international legitimacy.
It is housed in the Tauride Palace in St Petersburg and acts as the consultative parliamentary wing of the CIS, created to discuss problems of parliamentary cooperation, review draft documents of common interest, and pass model laws to the national legislatures in the CIS (as well as recommendations) for their use in the preparation of new laws and amendments to existing legislation. More than 130 documents have been adopted that ensure the convergence of laws in the CIS at the level of national legislation. The Assembly is actively involved in the development of integration processes in the CIS and also sends observers to the national elections.[16] The Assembly held its 32nd Plenary meeting in Saint Petersburg on 14 May 2009.
Further developments
Between 2003 and 2005, three CIS member states experienced a change of government in a series of colour revolutions: Eduard Shevardnadze was overthrown in Georgia; Viktor Yushchenko was elected in Ukraine; and Askar Akayev was toppled in Kyrgyzstan.
In February 2006, Georgia withdrew from the Council of Defense Ministers, with the statement that "Georgia has taken a course to join NATO and it cannot be part of two military structures simultaneously",[17] but it remained a full member of the CIS until August 2009, one year after officially withdrawing in the immediate aftermath of the Russo-Georgian War.
In March 2007, Igor Ivanov, the secretary of the Russian Security Council, expressed his doubts concerning the usefulness of the CIS, emphasizing that the Eurasian Economic Community was becoming a more competent organization to unify the largest countries of the CIS.[18] Following the withdrawal of Georgia, the presidents of Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan skipped the October 2009 meeting of the CIS, each having their own issues and disagreements with the Russian Federation.[19]
In May 2009, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine joined the Eastern Partnership (EaP), a project that was initiated by the European Union (EU). The EaP framework governs the EU's relationship with the post-Soviet states of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine.[20]
Membership
_-_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2_(%D0%A1%D0%9D%D0%93).png)
There are nine full member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States.
The Creation Agreement remained the main constituent document of the CIS until January 1993, when the CIS Charter (Russian: Устав, tr. Ustav) was adopted.[21] The charter formalized the concept of membership: a member country is defined as a country that ratifies the CIS Charter (sec. 2, art. 7). Additional members can join with the consent of all current members.[22] Parties that ratified the Creation Agreement before the adoption of the Charter are considered to be "Founding states", but not members.
Member states
| Country[23] | Signed | Agreement ratified | Charter ratified | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 Armenia
|
21 December 1991 | 18 February 1992 | 16 March 1994 [22] | Founding state. Signatory of the Alma-Ata Protocol |
 Azerbaijan
|
21 December 1991 | 24 September 1993 | 14 December 1993 [22] | Signatory of the Alma-Ata Protocol. |
| Belarus
|
8 December 1991 | 10 December 1991 | 18 January 1994 [22] | Founding state. Signatory of both the Belovezha Accords and the Alma-Ata Protocol. |
 Kazakhstan
|
21 December 1991 | 23 December 1991 | 20 April 1994 [22] | Founding state. Signatory of the Alma-Ata Protocol. |
 Kyrgyzstan
|
21 December 1991 | 6 March 1992 | 12 April 1994 [22] | Founding state. Signatory of the Alma-Ata Protocol. |
 Moldova
|
21 December 1991 | 8 April 1994 | 27 June 1994 [22] | Signatory of the Alma-Ata Protocol. Active participation in CIS ceased in November 2022.[8] Plans to fully withdraw by the end of 2024. |
| Russia
|
8 December 1991 | 12 December 1991 | 20 July 1993 [22] | Founding state. Signatory of both the Belovezha Accords and the Alma-Ata Protocol. |
 Tajikistan
|
21 December 1991 | 26 June 1993 | 14 August 1993 [22] | Signatory of the Alma-Ata Protocol. |
 Uzbekistan
|
21 December 1991 | 4 January 1992 | 9 February 1994 [22] | Founding state. Signatory of the Alma-Ata Protocol. |
Moldova
In light of Russia's support for the independence of occupied regions within Moldova, Georgia, and Ukraine[24][25][26] as well as its violation of the Istanbul Agreement (see Adapted Conventional Armed Forces in Europe Treaty), legislative initiatives to denounce the agreement on the creation of CIS were tabled in Moldova's parliament on 25 March 2014, though they were not approved.[27][28][29] A similar bill was proposed in January 2018.[30][31]
On 14 June 2022, Moldovan Minister of Foreign Affairs Nicu Popescu said the Moldovan government was considering the prospect of leaving the CIS, although at the end of May President Maia Sandu had said the country would not leave for the time being.[9] An August 2021 poll conducted in Moldova (prior to the start of Russia's invasion of Ukraine) found that 48.1% of respondents supported Moldova's withdrawal from the CIS.[32]
On 30 November 2022, Popescu stated that Moldova will suspend its participation in CIS meetings,[8] and on 23 February 2023 stated that Moldova has started withdrawing from multiple treaties that the country had signed with the CIS, as his country aims to join the European Union.[33] On 15 May 2023, the President of the Parliament of Moldova, Igor Grosu, stated the country will withdraw from the agreement establishing the CIS Interparliamentary Assembly; he argued that being in the CIS "did not protect the Republic of Moldova from energy blackmail in the middle of winter, from threats and official statements hostile to the independence and sovereignty of the Republic of Moldova".[34]
As part of the process to severing connections with the CIS, in July 2023 Moldova passed a law on denunciation of the agreement on Moldova's membership in the Inter-Parliamentary Assembly of the CIS countries.[35] 70 agreements were denounced by October 2023, from the total of around 282 signed by Moldova.[36]
In December 2023, Moldova announced it's intention to withdraw from the CIS entirely by the end of 2024.[37][38]
Associate member
A country can become an associate member under the CIS Charter (sec. 2, art. 8) if approved by the Council of Heads of States. Participation of associate members and of the observers in the work of the Commonwealth organs shall be governed by their rules of procedures.[22]
| Country[23] | Signed | Agreement ratified | Charter ratified | Associate from | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Turkmenistan
|
21 December 1991 | 26 December 1991 | Not ratified | August 2005 | Founding state. Signatory of the Alma-Ata Protocol. Has never been a full member. |
Two states, Ukraine and Turkmenistan ratified the CIS Creation Agreement before the adoption of the CIS Charter in January 1993, making them "founding states of the CIS", but did not ratify the Charter itself that would make them full members. These states, while not being formal members of the CIS, were allowed to participate in CIS.[39] They were also allowed to participate in various CIS initiatives, e.g. the Free Trade Area,[40] which were, however, formulated mostly as independent multilateral agreements, and not as internal CIS agreements.
Turkmenistan has not ratified the Charter and therefore is not formally a member of the CIS. Nevertheless, it has consistently participated in the CIS as if it were a member state.
Turkmenistan changed its CIS standing to associate member as of 26 August 2005. The cited reason was to be consistent with its 1995-proclaimed, UN-recognised, international neutrality status, but experts have cited the country no longer needing Russia to provide natural gas access, as well as the country's declining faith in the confederation's ability to maintain internal stability in light of the Colour Revolutions.[41][42]
Founding state
The Verkhovna Rada never ratified the agreement on membership of the CIS in accordance with the CIS Charter so Ukraine never became a member.[43]
Ukraine did not apply to become an Associate member, nor was it granted by the Council of Heads of States, accordingly Ukraine remained just a Founding state.
Ukraine did participate in the CIS and became an associate member of the CIS Economic Union in 1994,[44] and signed the Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Area in 2011.
Ukraine withdrew its representatives from the CIS in May 2018 and stopped actively participating in the CIS, but remained a party to a number of agreements, such as the free trade area.
| Country | Signed | Agreement ratified | Charter ratified | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 Ukraine
|
8 December 1991 | 10 December 1991 | Not ratified | Founding state. Signatory of both the Belovezha Accords and the Alma-Ata Protocol. Has never been a full member.
|
Although Ukraine was one of the states which ratified the Creation Agreement in December 1991, making it a Founding State of the CIS, it chose not to ratify the CIS Charter[46][47] as it disagrees with Russia being the only legal successor state to the Soviet Union. Thus it has never been a full member of the CIS.[13][48] However, Ukraine had kept participating in the CIS, with the consent of the Council of Heads of States, even though it was not a member. Ukraine has never applied for, or been granted, Associate member status.
Following the start of the Russo-Ukrainian war in February 2014, relations between Ukraine and Russia deteriorated, leading Ukraine to consider ending its participation in the CIS. As Ukraine never ratified the Charter, it could cease its informal participation in the CIS. However, to fully terminate its relationship with the CIS, it would need to legally withdraw from the Creation Agreement, as Georgia did previously. On 14 March 2014, a bill was introduced to Ukraine's parliament to denounce their ratification of the CIS Creation Agreement, but it was never approved.[49][50][51] Following the 2014 parliamentary election, a new bill to denounce the CIS agreement was introduced.[52][53] In September 2015, the Ukrainian Ministry of Foreign Affairs confirmed Ukraine will continue taking part in the CIS "on a selective basis".[54][55] Since that month, Ukraine has had no representatives in the CIS Executive Committee building.[54]
In April 2018, Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko indicated that Ukraine would formally leave the CIS.[56] On 19 May 2018, Poroshenko signed a decree formally ending Ukraine's participation in CIS statutory bodies.[57]
As of 1 June 2018, the CIS secretariat had not received formal notice from Ukraine of its withdrawal from the CIS, a process that would take one year to complete, following notice being given.[58] The CIS secretariat stated that it will continue inviting Ukraine to participate.[59][60][61] Ukraine has stated that it intends to review its participation in all CIS agreements and only continue in those that are in its interests. On 3 May 2023 Ukraine formally withdrew from the 1992 agreement that set up the CIS Interparliamentary Assembly.[62] In 2023 and 2024 Ukraine also withdrew from a number of agreements including the 2001 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) agreement on cooperation in the provision of safety of hazardous industrial facilities, the 1996 CIS agreement on cooperation in evacuating nationals from third countries in emergencies, the 1992 Agreement between the State Parties of the Commonwealth of Independent States on social and legal guarantees of the military personnel, persons discharged from military service, and members of their families, the 1992 Agreement on the Establishment of the Council of Commanders of the Border Troops and the Agreement on the Creation of the Interstate System of Documentary Encrypted Communications of the Commonwealth of Independent States.[63][64]
Former member states
| Country | Signed | Agreement ratified | Charter ratified | Withdrawn | Effective | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Georgia
|
3 December 1993 | 3 December 1993 | 19 April 1994 [22] | 18 August 2008 | 18 August 2009 | Withdrew as a result of the Russo-Georgian War of 2008. |
Following the overthrow of Eduard Shevardnadze in Georgia, Georgia officially withdrew from the Council of Defense Ministers in February 2006,[65] stating that "Georgia has taken a course to join NATO and it cannot be part of two military structures simultaneously".[66] However, it remained a full member of the CIS.
In the aftermath of the Russo-Georgian War in 2008, President Saakashvili announced during a public speech in the capital city Tbilisi that Georgia would leave the CIS[67] and the Georgian Parliament voted unanimously on 14 August 2008 to withdraw from the regional organization.[68] On 18 August 2008 the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia sent a note to the CIS Executive Committee notifying it of the aforesaid resolutions of the Parliament of Georgia and Georgia’s withdrawal from CIS.[69] In accordance with the CIS Charter (sec. 1, art. 9),[70] Georgia's withdrawal came into effect 12 months later, on 18 August 2009.[71][72]
Politics
Human rights
Since its inception, one of the primary goals of the CIS has been to provide a forum for discussing issues related to the social and economic development of the newly independent states. To achieve this goal member states have agreed to promote and protect human rights. Initially, efforts to achieve this goal consisted merely of statements of goodwill, but on 26 May 1995, the CIS adopted a Commonwealth of Independent States Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms.[73]
In 1991, four years before the 1995 human rights treaty, article 33 of the Charter of the CIS created a Human Rights Commission with its seat in Minsk, Belarus. This was confirmed by the decision of the Council of Heads of States of the CIS in 1993. In 1995, the CIS adopted a human rights treaty that includes civil and political as well as social and economic human rights. This treaty entered into force in 1998. The CIS treaty is modelled on the European Convention on Human Rights, but lacking the strong implementation mechanisms of the latter. In the CIS treaty, the Human Rights Commission has very vaguely defined authority. The Statute of the Human Rights Commission, however, also adopted by the CIS Member States as a decision, gives the commission the right to receive inter-state as well as individual communications.[citation needed]
CIS members, especially in Central Asia, continue to have among the world's poorest human rights records. Many activists point to examples such as the 2005 Andijan massacre in Uzbekistan to show that there has been almost no improvement in human rights since the collapse of the Soviet Union in Central Asia. The consolidation of power by President Vladimir Putin has resulted in a steady decline in the modest progress of previous years in Russia. In turn, this has led to little to no scrutiny by Russia when it comes to the situation of human rights in other CIS member states. The Commonwealth of Independent States continues to face serious challenges in meeting even basic international standards.[74]
Military
The CIS Charter establishes the Council of Ministers of Defence, which is vested with the task of coordinating military cooperation of the CIS member states who wish to participate.
In May 1992, six post-Soviet states belonging to the CIS signed the Collective Security Treaty (also referred to as the Tashkent Pact or Tashkent Treaty).[75] Three other post-Soviet states signed in 1993 and the treaty took effect in 1994 and lasted 5 years. When the treaty was subsequently renewed, three countries withdrew, leaving Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, and Tajikistan as members.
In December 1993, the CIS Armed Forces Headquarters was abolished.[76] Instead, "the CIS Council of Defence Ministers created a CIS Military Cooperation Coordination Headquarters (MCCH) in Moscow, with 50 percent of the funding provided by Russia."[77] General Viktor Samsonov was appointed as Chief of Staff. The headquarters has now moved to 101000, Москва, Сверчков переулок, 3/2.
An important manifestation of integration processes in the area of military and defence collaboration of the CIS member states is the creation, in 1995, of the joint CIS Air Defense System. Over the years, the military personnel of the joint CIS Air Defense System grew twofold along the western, European border of the CIS, and by 1.5 times on its southern borders.[78]
In 2002, the six member states agreed to create the Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO) as a military alliance.[79]
In 2007, CSTO members agreed to create a CSTO peacekeeping force.[citation needed]
One of the CST's original objectives was to resolve conflicts between CIS members, however military conflicts such as Russia's open assistance and support to the two secessionist areas in Georgia, Russia seizing Crimea and support to secessionist areas in Ukraine, the conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan, and Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan border issues have demonstrated how ineffective the CST and later the CSTO, is in this role.[80][81]
Economy
Corruption and bureaucracy are serious problems for trade in CIS countries.[82]
Kazakhstan's President Nursultan Nazarbayev proposed that CIS members take up a digitization agenda to modernize CIS economies.[83]
Economic data[84]
| Country | Population (2021) | GDP (USD million) | GDP growth (2012) |
GDP per capita | Human Development Index (2019) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2007 | 2012 | 2007 | 2012 | 2020 | ||||
| Armenia | 2,790,974 | 9,204 | 10,551 | 2.1% | 2,996 | 3,500 | 4,268 | 0.776 |
| Azerbaijan | 10,312,992 | 33,049 | 71,043 | Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Commonwealth_of_Independent_States|||||