Cirth

Cirth
Cirth;
	The word "Cirth" written using the Cirth in the Angerthas Daeron mode
Script type	Alphabet
Creator	J. R. R. Tolkien
Direction	Varies
Languages	Khuzdul, Sindarin, Quenya, Westron, English
ISO 15924
ISO 15924	Cirt (291), Cirth
	This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between , / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

The Cirth (Sindarin pronunciation: [ˈkirθ], meaning "runes"; sg. certh [ˈkɛrθ]) is a semi‑artificial script, based on real‑life runic alphabets, one of several scripts invented by J. R. R. Tolkien for the constructed languages he devised and used in his works. Cirth is written with a capital letter when referring to the writing system; the letters themselves can be called cirth.

In the fictional history of Middle-earth, the original Certhas was created by the Sindar (or Grey Elves) for their language, Sindarin. Its extension and elaboration was known as the Angerthas Daeron, as it was attributed to the Sinda Daeron, despite the fact that it was most probably arranged by the Noldor in order to represent the sounds of other languages like Quenya and Telerin.

Although it was later largely replaced by the Tengwar, the Cirth was nonetheless adopted by the Dwarves to write down both their Khuzdul language (Angerthas Moria) and the languages of Men (Angerthas Erebor). The Cirth was also adapted, in its oldest and simplest form, by various races including Men and even Orcs.

External history

Concept and creation

Many letters have shapes also found in the historical runic alphabets, but their sound values are only similar in a few of the vowels. Rather, the system of assignment of sound values is much more systematic in the Cirth than in the historical runes (e.g., voiced variants of a voiceless sound are expressed by an additional stroke).

The division between the older Cirth of Daeron and their adaptation by Dwarves and Men has been interpreted as a parallel drawn by Tolkien to the development of the Fuþorc to the Younger Fuþark.^[1] The original Elvish Cirth "as supposed products of a superior culture" are focused on logical arrangement and a close connection between form and value whereas the adaptations by mortal races introduced irregularities. Similar to the Germanic tribes who had no written literature and used only simple runes before their conversion to Christianity, the Sindarin Elves of Beleriand with their Cirth were introduced to the more elaborate Tengwar of Fëanor when the Noldorin Elves returned to Middle-earth from the lands of the divine Valar.^[2]

Internal history and description

Certhas

In the Appendix E to The Return of the King, Tolkien writes that the Sindar of Beleriand first developed an alphabet for their language some time between the invention of the Tengwar by Fëanor (YT 1250) and the introduction thereof to Middle-earth by the Exiled Noldor at the beginning of the First Age.^[3]

This alphabet was devised to represent only the sounds of their Sindarin language and its letters were mostly used for inscribing names or brief memorials on wood, stone or metal, hence their angular shapes and straight lines.^[3] In Sindarin these letters were named cirth (sing. certh), from the Elvish root *kir- meaning "to cleave, to cut".^[4] An abecedarium of cirth, consisting of the runes listed in due order, was commonly known as Certhas ([ˈkɛrθɑs], meaning "rune-rows" in Sindarin and loosely translated as "runic alphabet"^[5]).

The oldest cirth were the following:^[3]

Consonants	p	b	mh	m
	t	d	n
	k	g	ng
	r	l	~ h or s	s or h	ss

Vowels	i	u	e	o

The form of these letters was somewhat unsystematic, unlike later rearrangements and extensions that made them more featural.^[3] The cirth and were used for ⟨h⟩ and ⟨s⟩, but varied as to which was which.^[3] Many of the runes consisted of a single vertical line (or "stem") with an appendage (or "branch") attached to one or both sides. If the attachment was made on one side only, it was usually to the right, but "the reverse was not infrequent" and did not change the value of the letter.^[3] (For example, the variants or specifically mentioned for h or s, also or for t, etc.).

Angerthas Daeron

In Beleriand, before the end of the First Age, the Certhas was rearranged and further developed, partly under the influence of the Tengwar introduced by the Noldor. This reorganisation of the Cirth was commonly attributed to the Elf Daeron, minstrel and loremaster of King Thingol of Doriath. Thus, the new system became known as the Angerthas Daeron^[3] (where "angerthas" [ɑŋˈɡɛrθɑs] is from Sindarin "an(d)" [ɑn(d)] + "certhas" [ˈkɛrθɑs], meaning "long rune-rows"^[6]).

In this arrangement, the assignment of values to each certh is systematic. The runes consisting of a stem and a branch attached to the right are used for voiceless stops, while other sounds are allocated according to the following principles:^[3]

adding a stroke to a branch adds voice (e.g., → );
moving the branch to the left indicates opening to a spirant (e.g., → );
placing the branch on both sides of the stem adds voice and nasality (e.g., → ).

The cirth constructed in this way can therefore be arranged into series, each corresponding to a place of articulation:

labial consonants, based on ;
dental consonants, based on ;
front consonants, based on ;
velar consonants, based on ;
labialized velar consonants, based on .

Other letters introduced in this system include: and for ⟨a⟩ and ⟨w⟩, respectively; runes for long vowels, evidently originated by doubling and binding the certh of the corresponding short vowel (e.g., ⟨oo⟩ → ⟨ō⟩); two front vowels, probably stemming from ligatures of the corresponding back vowel with the ⟨i⟩-certh (i.e., → ⟨ü⟩, and → ⟨ö⟩); some homorganic nasal + stop clusters (e.g., ).

Back to the fictional history, since the new -series and -series encompass sounds which do not occur in Sindarin but are present in Quenya, they were most probably introduced by the Exiled Noldor^[3] who spoke Quenya as a language of knowledge.

By loan-translation, the Cirth became known in Quenya as Certar [ˈkɛrtar], while a single certh was called certa [ˈkɛrta].

After the Tengwar became the sole script used for writing, the Angerthas Daeron was essentially relegated to carved inscriptions. The Elves of the West, for the most part, abandoned the Cirth altogether, with the exception of the Noldor dwelling in the country of Eregion, who maintained it in use^[3] and made it known as Angerthas Eregion.

Note: In this article, the runes of the Angerthas come with the same peculiar transliteration used by Tolkien in the Appendix E, which differs from the (Latin) spelling of both Quenya and Sindarin. The IPA transcription that follows is applicable to both languages, except where indicated otherwise.

Regularly formed *cirth*
Labial consonants	Certh
	Transliteration		p	b	f	v	m	mh, mb
	IPA							(S.) (Q.)

Dental consonants	Certh							or
	Transliteration		t	d	th	dh	n	nd
	IPA				θ	ð	n	nd

Front consonantsⁱⁱⁱ	Certh
	Transliteration		ch^iv	j^v	sh^vi	zh	nj^vii
	IPA	(N.)	c⁽^ȷ̊⁾	ɟj	ç	ʝ	ɟɲj ← ɲɟj
	IPA	(V.)	t͡ʃ	d͡ʒ	ʃ	ʒ		nd͡ʒ

Velar consonants	Certh
	Transliteration		k	g	kh	gh	ŋ	ng
	IPA		k	ɡ	x	ɣ	ŋ	ŋɡ

Labiovelar consonants	Certh
	Transliteration		kw^[7]	gw^[8]	khw	ghw	nw^viii	ngw^[8]
	IPA	(Q.)	kʷ₍w̥₎	ɡʷw	ʍ	w	nʷw←ŋʷw	ŋɡʷw

Additional *cirth*
Consonants	Certh					or
	Transliteration	r	rh	l	lh	s	ss or z^ix	h^x
	IPA	r	r̥	l	l̥	s	sː or z	h

Approximants	Certh
	Transliteration		w	hw^xi
	IPA		w	ʍ

Vowels	Certh
	Transliteration	i, y	u		e	a	o
	IPA	i, j	u		e	a	o

Long vowels	Certh						or
	Transliteration		ū		ē	ā	ō
	IPA		uː		eː	aː	oː

Fronted vowels	Certh		or				or
	Transliteration		ü				ö
	IPA		y				œ

Notes:

^ According to the principles outlined above, the labial nasal would be assigned to the certh . However, archaic Sindarin had two labial nasals: the occlusive m, and the spirant ṽ^[9] (spelt ⟨mh⟩). Since the ⟨mh⟩ sound could best be represented by a reversal of the sign for ⟨m⟩ (to indicate its spirantization), the reversible was given the value ⟨m⟩, and was assigned to ⟨mh⟩.^[3] The sound ṽ merged with v in later Sindarin.
^ The certh was not clearly related in shape to the dentals.^[3]
^ The -series, which represents the front consonants of Quenya, is essentially the Cirth counterpart to the Tengwar tyelpetéma (column III in the General Use).
In this article, each certh of this series comes with two IPA transcriptions. The reason is that these consonants are realised as palatals in Noldorin Quenya, but as postalveolars in Vanyarin Quenya. Although the Angerthas Daeron was devised for the Noldorin variety, it is deemed necessary to show the Vanyarin pronunciation as well, given that the very transliteration used by Tolkien is more akin to the Vanyarin phonology.
^ The certh indicates Quenya ⟨ty⟩, which is pronounced c^⁽ȷ̊^⁾ in Noldorin^[10] but is a voiceless postalveolar affricate t͡ʃ in Vanyarin.^[11]
^ The certh represents Quenya ⟨dy⟩, formerly pronounced ɟj.^[12]
^ The certh stands for Quenya ⟨hy⟩, which is a voiceless palatal fricative ç in Noldorin^[13] and a voiceless postalveolar fricative ʃ in Vanyarin.^[11]
^ The certh denotes Quenya ⟨ndy⟩, formerly pronounced ɲɟj. In Noldorin, this cluster was later reduced to ⟨ny⟩^[14] (articulated as ɲj^[15]). On the other hand, in Vanyarin, the cluster underwent assibilation, turning into nd͡ʒ.^[11]
^ The certh , much like the tengwa "ñwalme", formerly represented Quenya ⟨ñw⟩ (pronounced ŋʷw), occurring only in initial position. This sound later evolved into nʷw, explaining the transliteration of this certh as ⟨nw⟩. Non-initial occurrences of nʷw are most probably interpreted as ⟨n⟩+⟨w⟩ (i.e., two separate cirth).^[16]
^ The certh , the theoretical value of which is ⟨z⟩, is instead used as ⟨ss⟩ in both Quenya and Sindarin (cf. the tengwa "esse"/"áze").^[3]
^ The new certh was introduced for ⟨h⟩: it is similar in shape both to the certh (formerly used for ⟨h⟩, then reassigned to ⟨ty⟩) and to the tengwa "hyarmen".
^ The certh , the theoretical value of which was ⟨m⟩, was used for Sindarin ⟨hw⟩ for the reasons stated above^[3] (cf. the tengwa "hwesta sindarinwa").

Angerthas Moriaedit

According to Tolkien's legendarium, the Dwarves first came to know the runes of the Noldor at the beginning of the Second Age. The Dwarves "introduced a number of unsystematic changes in value, as well as certain new cirth".^[3] They modified the previous system to suit the specific needs of their language, Khuzdul. The Dwarves spread their revised alphabet to Moria, where it came to be known as Angerthas Moria, and developed both carved and pen-written forms of these runes.^[3]

Many cirth here represent sounds not occurring in Khuzdul^[17] (at least in published words of Khuzdul: of course, our corpus is very limited to judge the necessity or not, of these sounds). Here they are marked with a black star (^★).

Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Cirth
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Translit.	IPA'	Translit.	IPA	Certh	Translit.	IPA'	Certh	Translit.	IPA
p	/p/^★				l	/l/		e	/e/
b	/b/	z	/z/		lh	/ɬ/^★		ê	/eː/
f	/f/	k	/k/		nd	/nd/		a	/a/
v	/v/^★	g	/ɡ/		h^A	/h/		â	/aː/
hw	/ʍ/^★	kh	/x/^★		ʻ ^A	/ʔ/		o	/o/
m	/m/	gh	/ɣ/^★		ŋ	/ŋ/^★	or	ô	/oː/
mb	/mb/	n	/n/		ng	/ŋɡ/	or	ö	/œ/^★
t	/t/	kw	/kʷ/^★	or	nj	/ndʒ/^★		n	/n/
d	/d/	gw	/ɡʷ/^★		i	/i/		s	/s/
th	/θ/^★	khw	/xʷ/^★		y	/j/	or	^B	/ə/
dh	/ð/^★	ghw	/ɣʷ/^★		hy	/j̊, ç/^★	or	^B	/ʌ/
r	/ʀ, ʁ, r/	ngw	/ŋɡʷ/^★		u	/u/
ch	/tʃ, c/^★	nw	/nʷ/^★		û	/uː/
		j	/dʒ, ɟ/^★		w	?pojem=^★

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