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Bolívar Estado Bolívar (Spanish)
State
Canaima National Park
Flag Coat of arms
Anthem: Himno del Estado Bolívar
Location within Venezuela
Country	Venezuela
Created	1901
Capital	Ciudad Bolívar
Largest city	Ciudad Guayana
Government
• Body	Legislative Council
• Governor	Justo Noguera Pietri
• Assembly delegation	8
Area
• Total	242,801 km2 (93,746 sq mi)
• Rank	1st
	26.24% of Venezuela
Population  (2020)
• Total	1,720,000
• Rank	7th
	5.62% of Venezuela
Time zone	UTC−4 (VET)
ISO 3166 code	VE-F
Emblematic tree	Sarrapia (Diphysa punctata)
HDI (2019)	0.715[1] high · 8th of 24
Website	www.e-bolivar.gob.ve

Bolívar (Spanish: Estado Bolívar, IPA: [esˈtaðo βoˈliβaɾ]) is one of the 23 states of Venezuela. The state capital city is Ciudad Bolívar and the largest city is Ciudad Guayana. Bolívar State covers a total surface area of 242,801 km² (93,746 sq mi) and as of the 2011 census, had a population of 1,410,964. The state contains Angel Falls.

History

Spanish Colonization

During the time of the Spanish Empire, it was part of the province of Nueva Andalucía and later it was annexed to the province of Guayana from 1777 when King Charles III created the Captaincy General of Venezuela.

The capital of the state, Ciudad Bolivar was founded on December 21, 1595 by Antonio de Berrío, who had come from Nueva Granada (present-day Colombia) with the mission of populating Guyana. The town, originally called Santo Tomás de Guayana, was a fortified port that had to move three times, since it was the target of constant assaults by Caribbean Indians and European corsairs, among whom Sir Walter Raleigh stood out in 1617.

In 1764 it found a definitive site on the banks of the Orinoco, in its narrowest sector, for which it took the name of Santo Tomás de la Nueva Guayana de la Angostura del Orinoco, known simply as Angostura, a name that has persisted for over 80 years and is still remembered today.

In 1800, Baron Alexander von Humboldt and Aimé Bonpland visited Angostura and from there they went through El Pao to Barcelona and then to Cumaná, thus ending the tour of Venezuela.

Independence Era

The Congress of Angostura, inaugurated on February 15, 1819 by the Liberator Simón Bolívar, under the inspiration of General Francisco de Miranda's Ideology, represented the second Constituent Congress of the Republic of Venezuela. It was convened in the context of the wars of independence of Venezuela and the New Granada.

In 1821 (during the Great Colombia) it became a department of Orinoco with the largest extension of the time (whose capital was Santo Tomás de la Nueva Guayana de la Angostura del Orinoco or Angostura).

When Gran Colombia was dissolved, the territory changed to the Province of Guayana until 1854 when it became the Province of Orinoco (whose capital was Ciudad Bolívar).

19th century

After the separation in 1856 of the then Federal Territory Amazonas, the province of Guayana was renamed in 1864 as the Sovereign State of Guayana once the Federal Revolution came to power under the command of Juan Crisóstomo Falcón.

In 1864, Guyana became one of the independent states of the United States of Venezuela. In 1879, it was one of the seven states of the Federation, without the territory corresponding to Amazonas which had become Federal Territory Amazonas.

In 1881, it became one of the nine political entities into which the country was divided, receiving the name of Great State Bolivar formed by Guayana and Apure. Its territory was diminished with the creation of the federal territories Yuruari and El Caura (1881), Armisticio (1883) and Delta (1884). Between 1890 and 1893, it recovered these territories.

In 1887, the current state of Delta Amacuro was separated from the state of Guayana. In 1899, the Apure and Guayana States were separated and established their autonomy; and it is from the 1901 Constitution that the name of Guayana State is changed to Bolivar State, as a tribute to the Liberator, Simón Bolívar.

In Angostura, Bolívar convened the Second Congress of the Republic of Venezuela on February 15, 1819. His inaugural speech and the constitution he proposed comprise the last of the three most important documents of his career. The Correo del Orinoco was also published between 1818 and 1820, giving birth to the Venezuelan free press.

20th century

On 21 July 1903, in the vicinity of Ciudad Bolivar, the last battle of the Liberating Revolution was fought where the government army under the command of Juan Vicente Gómez defeated the opposition forces of General Nicolás Rolando. The defeat of the Liberating Revolution marked the end of the 19th century in Venezuela, which was characterized by political instability and great civil wars, giving way to a period of consolidation of the central government under the rule of Andean leaders.

The state gained more autonomy in 1989 when the first elections for governor and legislative assembly were held and the practice of appointments from the central government in Caracas was ended.

On 13 November 2006, the Orinoquia Bridge was inaugurated, the second largest in the country, which facilitates communications between Ciudad Guayana and the opposite bank of the Orinoco River in the states of Anzoátegui and Monagas.

The Orinoco Mining Arc (AMO),^[2] officially created, on 24 February 2016, as the Arco Mining Orinoco National Strategic Development Zone, 2 is an area rich in mineral resources that the Republic of Venezuela has been operating since 2017;^[3][4] occupies mostly the north of the Bolivar state and to a lesser extent the northeast of the Amazonas state and part of the Delta Amacuro state. It has 7,000 tons of reserves of gold, copper, diamond, coltan, iron, bauxite and other minerals.

Geography

Geographical location

It is bordered to the north by the Orinoco River and the States of Delta Amacuro, Monagas, Anzoátegui and Guárico; to the south by the Federative Republic of Brazil; to the southwest by the State of Amazonas; to the east by the territory of Guayana Esequiba, in dispute with the Cooperative Republic of Guyana; and to the west by the State of Apure.

Three major landscapes can be recognized in a relief between the Guiana shield: the isolated Orinoco savannahs and low mountains, the mountainous landscape dominated by the tabular peaks of the Tepuis and the valleys of the tributaries of the Orinoco and the lowlands and partly savannahs of the Yuruari, limited to the east by the Imataca mountain range.

Relief

Almost all of the state is occupied by the Guiana massif; this suffered epirogenic movements that reactivated the basal rock of the shield, cut by fluvial erosion, reached it and gave rise to a staggering of jumps, originating tabular reliefs known as tepuis.

The Tepuis are located mainly in the center and south of the structure. The average altitude is 400 m, with a generalized south-north slope. The highest plateaus exceed 2,000 m. The highest point is Mount Roraima (2,875 m), located in the Pacaraima Range, which continues south with those of Parima and Tapirapeco. The north of the massif is quite homogeneous, with heights below 400 m and numerous witness hills. In the northeast, the Nuria and Imataca mountains stand out, as well as plateaus and hills over 500 m high drained by the Yuruari River. The southeast sector is separated from the northwest sector by the Erebato River and the upper Ventuari Valley. It comprises the Great Savannah and the rest of the territory west of the Caroni River, made up of three high plateaus. The southwest of the massif is made up of lowlands through which the Ventuari, Alto Río Negro and Alto Orinoco rivers flow, with flat topography interrupted by witness hills.

Hydrography

Except for the area comprised in the Yuruari- Cuyuni river basin, the entire state is included in the Orinoco drainage system. Among the most important rivers are the Caroní, the Paragua and the Caura, etc. All of them dig their courses through a rugged topography in the hard rocks of the Guiana shield, giving rise to rapid valleys and waterfalls. In the case of the Caroní River, these unevennesses have allowed the establishment of powerful hydroelectric plants. The Guri Reservoir and the Simón Bolívar Hydroelectric Plant (formerly Raúl Leoni), which covers more than 80,000 hectares, is the most important center for electricity generation in Venezuela. The Churún River, a tributary of the Caroní River, flows from the Auyan Tepui plateau, with a 936.60-meter drop: Angel Falls, the highest in the world.

Climate

The average annual temperature (Max-Min) is between 27 and 30 °C (Puerto Ordaz area). Between 27 and 31 °C (Ciudad Bolivar Zone). Between 18 and 23 °C (Gran Sabana Zone). The climate is tropical, although it varies according to the zones; thus, the low areas present high temperatures, which reach an average of 27 °C, and abundant rainfall. The variation of the climate of the extensive territory is determined by the altitude and the winds since the latitude (between 4° and 8° of North latitude) places it totally in the equatorial strip. The low northern lands, influenced by the east and northeast winds, are characterized by a rainy season and a dry season, both very marked; the southern lands receive winds loaded with humidity from the Amazon depression and from the southeast that condense at the contact of the elevations producing intense rains of more than 1600 mm.

Area

The State of Bolivar is the largest state in Venezuela and covers a large area of 242,801 km² which represents 26.49% of the national total. In addition, de Iure claims the territories of Guayana Esequiba south of the Cuyuni River, Cuyuni-Mazaruni, Potaro-Siparuni and Alto Tacutu-Alto Esequibo, which would increase the territory by 124,414 km².

The geography of the State of Bolivar is as follows: the State of Bolivar is located in the southeast of Venezuela, it has jungle vegetation and a savannah climate, the State is mostly limited by the Orinoco River. It borders on several Venezuelan states and on the republics of Guyana and Brazil.

Politics and government

The State is autonomous and politically equal to the rest of the Federation. It organizes its administration and its public powers through the Constitution of the State of Bolivar, approved by the Legislative Council in Ciudad Bolivar on July 2, 2001.

Executive Power

It is composed of the Governor of the State of Bolivar and a group of State Secretaries. The Governor is elected by the people through direct and secret vote for a period of four years and with the possibility of being reelected continuously, being in charge of the state administration. The current Governor is Justo Noguera Pietri of the PSUV.

Like the other 23 federal entities of Venezuela, the State maintains its own police force, which is supported and complemented by the National Police and the Venezuelan National Guard.

Legislative power

The State Legislature is the responsibility of the unicameral Legislative Council of the State of Bolivar, elected by the people through direct and secret vote every four years, with the possibility of continuous re-election, under a system of proportional representation of the population of the State and its municipalities. The State has 15 deputies, of which 4 belong to the opposition and 11 to the ruling party, including a representation of the indigenous peoples and communities of the State of Bolivar.

Demographics

Populated centres

Ciudad Bolívar is the capital; famous for its colonial architecture. Although Ciudad Guayana is the most populated town in the state and its economic heart. The State of Bolivar is made up of several towns, but some are outstanding for certain reasons, making some of these towns more livable than others. Some of these large populations are:

• Ciudad Guayana (made up of San Felix de Guayana and Puerto Ordaz)
• Ciudad Bolívar
• Caicara del Orinoco
• Ciudad Piar
• El Callao
• El Dorado
• Maripa
• Santa Helena of Uairen
• Tumeremo
• Upata
• Guasipati
• El Palmar

Race and ethnicity

According to the 2011 Census, the racial composition of the population was:^[5]

Indigenous Peoples

The State of Bolivar is home to several ethnic groups that originated in the country. Among the main groups are the Pemones, the Yekuana, the Sanemá, the Panares, the Hotis and the Piaroas. All of these groups speak their own languages, although most also speak Spanish.

Municipalities

Bolívar State is sub-divided into eleven municipalities (municipios), given below with their administrative centres, areas and populations:^[6]

	Municipality	Capital	Area (km2)	Population (Census 2011)	Population Estimate 30 June 2016
1.	Angostura	Ciudad Piar	56,916	40,927	52,205
2.	Caroní	Ciudad Guayana	1,612	704,585	892,269
3.	Cedeño	Caicara del Orinoco	46,020	67,000	101,800
4.	El Callao	El Callao	2,223	21,769	25,338
5.	Gran Sabana	(Santa Elena de Uairén)	32,990	28,450	37,930
6.	Heres	Ciudad Bolívar	5,851	342,280	414,154
7.	Padre Pedro Chien	El Palmar	2,275	15,488	18,376
8.	Piar	Upata	15,900	98,274	124,476
9.	Roscio	Guasipati	6,182	21,750	27,226
10.	Sifontes	Tumeremo	24,393	50,082	62,798
11.	Sucre	Maripa	46,166	20,359	24,327
	Total State	Ciudad Bolívar	240,528	1,410,964	1,780,899

Economy

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In the State of Bolivar there are great energy sources that are very important for Venezuela (the Guri Dam, among others), famous agricultural products (Guiana cheese, cotton, yucca, cassava, white and brown catalinas, naiboa, among others), and many minerals in great demand (iron, gold, bauxite, among others). located in Ciudad Guayana.

Agriculture

The agricultural sector of Bolivar State has little significance, both at the state and national level. The soil, topography, and climate characteristics have led to consider the area as a strong restriction for agricultural development, since a large part of its soils are composed of highly siliceous rocks, with low moisture retention capacity and strong acid reaction. Nevertheless, the exploitation of a great variety of agricultural items, the immense reserves of forest resources, allow us to foresee that through the use of appropriate technology, irrigation and selection of the size of the exploitation, this sector could contribute in an important way in the integral development of the area.

Siderurgy

Bolivar State has the Siderurgica del Orinoco (SIDOR), which is in charge of steel production with Direct Reduction technologies and Electric Arc Furnaces, with natural resources available in the Guayana region.

Coltan

By 2017, coltan production will begin through Parguaza, a company established by the Venezuelan state and the Venezuelan Corporation Faoz.

Forest Resourcesedit

Some woods are exploited, many of them precious like bucare, mahogany and others like plum, crawl, guamo, sarrapia and carob.

Tourismedit

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The state of Bolivar has some of the most important tourist attractions in Venezuela and South America among which the Angel Falls (the world's largest waterfall) and numerous characteristic mountains called Tepuis such as Mount Roraima, as well as many natural wells, caves, rivers, fluvial islands, forests, rock formations, waterfalls and lakes of all types.

Main Places of interestedit

• Historical Zone of Ciudad Bolívar
• Canaima National Park
• Lagoon of Canaima

• El Sapo and El Sapito Falls
• Yuri Falls
• Mayupa Rapids
• Pozo de la Felicidad (Pit of the Happiness) (Saró Marú)
• Orquídea Island
• Ratón Island
• Angel Falls or Korepakupai Vená
• Ayan-tepui
• Kavac Indian village
Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Bolivar_State
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