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Biu–Mandara languages
...| Biu–Mandara | |
|---|---|
| Central Chadic | |
| Geographic distribution | Nigeria, Chad, Cameroon |
| Linguistic classification | Afro-Asiatic
|
| Proto-language | Proto-Central Chadic |
| Subdivisions |
|
| Glottolog | bium1280 |
The Biu–Mandara or Central Chadic languages of the Afro-Asiatic family are spoken in Nigeria, Chad and Cameroon.
A reconstruction of Proto-Central Chadic has been proposed by Gravina (2014).[1]
Languages
Gravina (2014)
Gravina (2014) classifies Central Chadic as follows, as part of a reconstruction of the proto-language. Letters and numbers in parentheses correspond to branches in previous classifications. The greatest changes are breaking up and reassigning the languages of the old Mafa branch (A.5) and Mandage (Kotoko) branch (B.1).[2]
- South
- Hurza
- North
- Margi–Mandara–Mofu
- Margi (A.2)
- Mandara (A.4):
- Mofu (part of South A.5 Mafa)
- Tokombere: Ouldeme, Mada, Muyang, Molokwo
- Meri: Zulgo, Gemzek, Merey, Dugwor
- Mofu Proper: Mofu North, Mofu-Gudur
- Maroua
- Maroua (part of South A.5 Mafa (c)): Giziga North, Giziga South, Mbazla
- Lamang
- Higi
- Higi (A.3): Bana, Hya, Psikyɛ, Kamwe, Kirya-Konzel
- Musgum – North Kotoko
- Kotoko Centre
- Kotoko South
- Gidar
- Margi–Mandara–Mofu
Jilbe was not classified, as no sources were available.
Blench (2006)
The branches of Biu–Mandara traditionally go by either names or letters and numbers in an outline format. Blench (2006) organizes them as follows:[4]
- Tera (A.1): Tera, Pidlimdi (Hinna), Jara, Ga'anda, Gabin, Boga, Ngwaba, Hwana
- Bura–Higi
- Bura (A.2): Bura-Pabir (Bura), Cibak (Kyibaku), Nggwahyi, Huba (Kilba), Putai (Marghi West), Marghi Central (Margi, Margi Babal), Marghi South
- ? Kofa
- Higi (A.3): Kamwə (Psikyɛ, Higi), Bana, Hya, ? Kirya-Konzəl
- Wandala–Mafa
- Wandala (Mandara) (A.4)
- Mafa (A.5)
- Northeast Mafa: Vame (Pəlasla), Mbuko, Gaduwa
- Matal (Muktele)
- South Mafa
- (a) Wuzlam (Ouldémé), Muyang, Maɗa, Məlokwo
- (b) Zəlgwa-Minew, Gemzek, Ɗugwor, Mikere, Merey
- (c) North Giziga, South Giziga, North Mofu, Mofu-Gudur (South Mofu), Baldemu (Mbazlam)
- (d) Cuvok, Mafa, Mefele, Shügule
- Daba (A.7)
- Bata (Gbwata) (A.8): Bacama, Bata (Gbwata), Sharwa, Tsuvan, Gude, Fali of Mubi, Zizilivakan (Ulan Mazhilvən, Fali of Jilbu), Jimi (Jimjimən), Gudu, Holma (†), Nzanyi
- Mandage (Kotoko) (B.1)
- Buduma (Yedina)
- East–Central
Newman (1977)
Central Chadic classification per Newman (1977):
Names and locations (Nigeria)
Below is a list of language names, populations, and locations (in Nigeria only) from Blench (2019).[5]
| Branch | Code | Primary locations |
|---|---|---|
| Tera | A1 | Gombi LGA, Adamawa State and Biu LGA, Borno State |
| Bata | A8 | Mubi LGA, Adamawa State |
| Higi | A3 | Michika LGA, Adamawa State |
| Mandara | A4 | Gwoza LGA, Borno State and Michika LGA, Adamawa State |
South
| Language | Branch | Cluster | Dialects | Alternate spellings | Own name for language | Endonym(s) | Other names (location-based) | Other names for language | Exonym(s) | Speakers | Location(s) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daba | Daba | Daba | A single village, less than 1,000. Mostly in Cameroun | Adamawa State, Mubi LGA. Between Mubi and Bahuli | ||||||||
| Mafa | Mafa | Mafa (Mofa) in Nigeria. Cameroon dialects divided into West, Central and Eastern. | Mofa | Matakam (not recommended) | 2,000 (1963), 136,000 in Cameroon (1982 SIL) | Borno State, Gwoza LGA; mainly in Cameroon | ||||||
| Sakun | Sukur | Sakun, Gemasakun | Gә̀mà Sákún | Sugur | Adikummu Sukur | 5,000 (1952); 10,000 (1973 SIL). 7 villages | Adamawa State, Madgali LGA | |||||
| Ga’anda cluster | Tera | Ga’anda | Tlәka’andata pl. Ka’andәca | Kaɓәn | Mokar | 7,600 (1952); 10,000 (1973 SIL);␣4. Six villages | Adamawa State, Gombi LGA | |||||
| Kaɓәn | Tera | Ga’anda | Gabin | Tlәkaɓәnɗa pl. Kaɓәnca | 12 villages | |||||||
| Fәrtata | Tera | Ga’anda | Tlәfәrtata pl. Fәrtaca | 5 villages | ||||||||
| Boga | Tera | Boka | 5 villages | Adamawa State, Gombi LGA | ||||||||
| Hwana | Tera | Hona, Hwona | 6,604 (1952 W&B); 20,000 (1973 SIL), estimate more than 20,000 (Blench 1987) | Adamawa State, Gombi LGA, Guyuk and 30 other villages | ||||||||
| Jara | Tera | Jera | 4,000 (SIL) | Borno State, Biu LGA; Bauchi State, Ako LGA | Also refers to the languages of the Jarawan Bantu group including: the Jarawa cluster, Mbárù, Gùra, Rúhû, Gubi, Dulbu, Láb̀r, Kulung, and Gwa | |||||||
| Tera cluster | Tera | Tera | 46,000 (SIL); 50,000 (Newman 1970) | Borno State, Biu LGA; Gombe State, Gombi LGA, Kwami district, Ako LGA, Yamaltu and Ako districts, Dukku LGA, Funakaye district | ||||||||
| Nyimatli | Tera | Tera | Wuyo-Ɓalɓiya-Waɗe; Deba-Zambuk-Hina-Kalshingi-Kwadon | Yamaltu, Nimalto, Nyemathi | Gombe State, Ako, Gombe, Kwami, Funakai, Yamaltu LGAs; Borno State, Ɓayo LGA | |||||||
| Pidlimdi | Tera | Tera | Hinna, Hina, Ghәna | Borno State, Biu LGA | ||||||||
| Bura Kokura | Tera | Tera | Borno State, Biu LGA | |||||||||
| Boga | Tera, Eastern | Boka | Adamawa State, Gombi LGA | |||||||||
| Bata cluster | Bata | Bata | ||||||||||
| Bwatye | Bata | Bata | Mulyen (Mwulyin), Dong, Opalo, Wa-Duku | Gboare, Bwatiye | Kwaa–Ɓwaare | Ɓwaare | Bachama | 11,250 (1952) 20,000 (1963) | Adamawa State, Numan and Guyuk LGAs, Kaduna State, north east of Kaduna town. Bacama fishermen migrate long distances down the Benue River, with camps as far as the Benue/Niger confluence. | |||
| Bata | Bata | Bata | Koboci, Kobotschi (Kobocĩ, Wadi, Zumu (Jimo), Malabu, Bata of Ribaw, Bata of Demsa, Bata of Garoua, Jirai | Batta, Gbwata | 26,400 (1952), est. 2,000 in Cameroon; 39,000 total (1971 Welmers) | Adamawa State, Numan, Song, Fufore and Mubi LGAs; also in Cameroon | ||||||
| Fali cluster | Bata | Fali | Fali of Mubi, Fali of Muchella | Vimtim, Yimtim | 4 principal villages. Estimate of more than 20,000 (1990) | Adamawa State, Mubi LGA | ||||||
| Vin | Bata | Fali | Uroovin | Uvin | Vimtim | Vimtim town, north of Mubi | ||||||
| Huli | Bata | Fali | Bahuli | Urahuli | Huli, Hul | Bahuli town, northeast of Mubi | ||||||
| Madzarin | Bata | Fali | Ura Madzarin | Madzarin | Muchella | Muchella town, northeast of Mubi | ||||||
| Ɓween | Bata | Fali | Uramɓween | Cumɓween | Bagira | Bagira town, northeast of Mubi | ||||||
| Gudu | Bata | Gutu, Gudo | 1,200 (LA 1971) | Adamawa State, Song LGA, 120 km. west of Song. Approximately 5 villages. | ||||||||
| Guɗe | Bata | Gude, Goudé | Mubi | Cheke, Tcheke, Mapuda, Shede, Tchade, Mapodi, Mudaye, Mocigin, Motchekin | 28,000 (1952), est. 20,000 in Cameroon | Adamawa State, Mubi LGA; Borno State, Askira–Uba LGA; and in Cameroon | ||||||
| Holma | Bata | Holma | Da Holmaci | Bali Holma | 4 speakers (Blench, 1987). The language has almost vanished and has been replaced by Fulfulde. | Adamawa State. Spoken north of Sorau on the Cameroon border | ||||||
| Ngwaba | Bata | Gombi, Goba | Fewer than 1000 | Adamawa State, Gombi LGA, at Fachi and Gudumiya | ||||||||
| Nzanyi | Bata | Paka, Rogede (Rɨgudede), Nggwoli, Hoode, Maiha, Magara, Dede, Mutidi; and Lovi in Cameroon | Njanyi, Njai, Njei, Zany, Nzangi, Zani, Njeny, Jeng, Njegn, Njeng, | Nzangɨ sg., Nzanyi pl. | Jenge, Jeng, Mzangyim, Kobochi, Kobotshi | 1.B Wur Nzanyi | 14,000 in Nigeria (1952), 9,000 in Cameroon. | Nigeria: Adamawa State, Maiha LGA. Cameroon: West of Dourbeye near Nigerian border in Doumo region, Mayo-Oulo Subdivision, Mayo-Louti Division, North Province. | ||||
| Zizilivәkan | Bata | Zilivә | ÀmZírív | Fali of Jilbu | ‘a few hundred’ in Cameroon | Adamawa State, Mubi LGA, Jilbu town; and in Cameroon |
North
| Language | Branch | Cluster | Dialects | Alternate spellings | Own name for language | Endonym(s) | Other names (location-based) | Other names for language | Exonym(s) | Speakers | Location(s) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Huba | Bura | Luwa | Hәba | Huba | Huba | Chobba Kilba | 32,000 (1952); 100,000 (1980 UBS) | Adamawa State, Hong, Maiha, Mubi and Gombi LGAs | ||||
| Margi | Bura | Central: Margi babal = ‘Margi of the Plain’ around Lasa, Margi Dzәrŋu = ‘Margi near the Hill öu’ around Gulak; Gwàrà; Mə̀lgwí (Mulgwe, Molgheu); Wúrgà (Urga); South Margi is counted as a separate language and is more closely related to Huba | Marghi, Margyi | Màrgí | Màrgí | For Margi, Margi South and Putai: 135,000 (1955); 200,000 (1987 UBS) | Borno State, Askira–Uba and Damboa LGAs; Adamawa State, Madagali, Mubi and Michika LGAs | |||||
| Nggwahyi | Bura | Ngwaxi, Ngwohi | One village | Borno State, Askira–Uba LGA | ||||||||
| Putai | Bura | Margi West | Margi Putai = ‘West Margi’, Margi of Minthla | Language dying out, but ethnic population large | Borno State, Damboa LGA | |||||||
| Margi South | Bura | Wamdiu, Hildi | Margi ti ntәm | For Margi, Margi South and Putai: 135,000 (1955) | Borno State, Askira–Uba LGA; Adamawa State, Mubi and Michika LGAs | Hoffmann (1963) relates the language of Margi South to Huba rather than to Margi. | ||||||
| Bura–Pabir | Bura | Bura Pela (Hill Bura), Bura Hyil Hawul (Plains Bura) | Bourrah, Burra, Babir, Babur | Mya Bura | Two peoples with one language: the Bura and the Pabir | Kwojeffa, Huve, Huviya | 72,200 (1952 W&B), 250,000 (1987 UBS) | Borno State, Biu and Askira–Uba LGAs | ||||
| Cibak | Bura | Chibak, Chibuk, Chibbuk, Chibbak, Kyibaku, Kibaku | Cíbɔ̀k, Kikuk | 20,000 (1973 SIL) | Borno State, Damboa LGA, south of Damboa town | |||||||
| Kamwe | Higi | Nkafa, Dakwa (Bazza), Sәna, Wula, Futu, Tili Pte, Kapsiki (Ptsәkɛ) in Cameroon | Vәcәmwe | Higi, Hiji, Kapsiki | 64,000 (1952); 180,000 (1973 SIL) est. 23,000 in Cameroon | Adamawa State, Michika LGA and into Cameroon | ||||||
| Mukta | Higi | Kamwe | Mukta | Mukta village | Adamawa State | |||||||
| Kirya-Konzәl cluster | Higi | Kirya-Konzәl | Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Biu–Mandara_languages