Baliwag Baliuag
Component city
City of Baliwag[1]
(From top, left to right): Mariano Ponce Museum • Ang Baliuag kay Rizal Monument • Baliwag Clock Tower • Baliwag Church • Baliwag Transit terminal
Flag Seal
Nickname:  Buntal Hat Capital of the Philippines
Motto(s):  Dugong Baliwag, Pusong Baliwag (English: Baliwag by blood, Baliwag by heart)
Map of Bulacan with Baliwag highlighted
OpenStreetMap
Baliwag Location within the Philippines
Coordinates: 14°57′14″N 120°54′04″E / 14.954°N 120.901°E / 14.954; 120.901
Country	Philippines
Region	Central Luzon
Province	Bulacan
District	2nd district
Founded	1733
Cityhood	December 17, 2022
Barangays	27 (see Barangays)
Government  [2]
• Type	Sangguniang Panlungsod
• Mayor	Ferdinand V. Estrella
• Vice Mayor	Marie Claudette S. Quimpo
• Representative	Augustina Dominique C. Pancho
• City Council	Members Marie Claudette Q. Serrano Enrique V. dela Cruz Jr. Lee Edward V. Nicolas Maria Isabel P. Librero Wilfredo A. Lapira Lowell C. Tagle Antonio S. Patawaran Rodrigo E. Baltazar
• Electorate	107,076 voters (2022)
Area [3]
• Total	45.05 km2 (17.39 sq mi)
Elevation	18 m (59 ft)
Highest elevation	44 m (144 ft)
Lowest elevation	8 m (26 ft)
Population  (2020 census)[4]
• Total	168,470
• Density	3,700/km2 (9,700/sq mi)
• Households	43,789
Demonyms	Baliwageño (male) Baliwageña (female) Baliwagenean
Economy
• Poverty incidence	11.20 % (2021)[5]
• Revenue	₱ 655.3 million (2020)
• Assets	₱ 1,168 million (2020)
• Expenditure	₱ 659.6 million (2020)
• Liabilities	₱ 428.7 million (2020)
Utilities
• Electricity	Meralco
Time zone	UTC+8 (PST)
ZIP code	3006
PSGC	0301403000
IDD : area code	+63 (0)44
Native languages	Tagalog Kapampangan

Baliwag, officially the City of Baliwag (Tagalog: [bɐˈliʊag]; Filipino: Lungsod ng Baliwag), is a component city in the province of Bulacan, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 168,470 people.^[4]

Baliwag was founded in 1732 by Augustinian friars and was incorporated by the Spanish Governor-General on May 26, 1733. It was carved out from the town of Quingua (now Plaridel).

Baliwag is 28 kilometers (17 mi) from Malolos and 51 kilometers (32 mi) from Manila.

Through the years of Spanish domination, Baliuag was predominantly agricultural. People had to depend on rice farming for the main source of livelihood. Orchards and tumanas yielded fruits and vegetables, which were sold in the public market. Commerce and industry also played important contributions to the economy of the people. Buntal hat weaving in Baliwag together with silk weaving popularly known in the world as Thai silk; the manufacturer of cigar cases, piña fibers, petates (mats), and Sillas de Bejucos (cane chairs) all of the fine quality became known in many parts of the world. The local market also grew. During the early part of the 19th century, Baliwag was already considered one of the most progressive and richest towns in Bulacan. The growth of the public market has significantly changed the model of the economy of the city.

Baliwag is the major commerce, transportation, entertainment, and educational center of Northern Bulacan. With the continuous expansion of Metro Manila, Baliwag is part of Manila's built-up area which reaches San Ildefonso, Bulacan at its northernmost part.

On July 22, 2022, Republic Act No. 11929 lapsed into law. The said measure will convert the municipality into a component city and standardize its name as the City of Baliwag.^[6] On December 17, 2022, a plebiscite was held,^[7] 17,814 residents voted in favor of conversion to a component city while only 5,702 voted against.

Etymology

The name Baliwag is an old Kapampangan word for "untouched."^[8]When it was founded in 1732 by Augustinian friars, the name was hispanized as Baliuag.

History

Fr. Joaquín Martínez de Zúñiga, OSA, a friar, in his "1803 Historia de las Islas Filipinas"^[9] wrote that the Convent or Parochial house of San Agustin, in Baliuag, is the best in the whole Archipelago and that no edifice in Manila can be compared to it in symmetry and beauty amid its towering belfry, having been a viewing point of the town's panorama. The frayle further stated that the Convent was a repository of priceless parish records that dated to the founding of Baliuag as a pueblo or parrochia by the OSA or Augustinians in 1733. But the first convent was erected at Barangay Santa Barbara, Baliuag before the Parokya was formally established at the now Plaza Naning, Poblacion.

Fr. Joaquín Martínez de Zúñiga arrived in the Philippines on August 3, 1786, and visited Baliuag on February 17, 1802, with Ignacio Maria de Álava y Sáenz de Navarrete. Their host was Baliuag's Parish Priest, Fray Esteban Diez Hidalgo.^[10] Fr. Diez served as the longest cura parroco of Baliuag from 1789, having built the church and convent from 1790 to 1801.

Spanish records "Apuntes históricos de la provincia augustiniana del Santísimo Nombre de Jesús de Filipinas"^[11] reveal that Fr. Juan de Albarran, OSA was assigned Parish Priest of Baliuag in 1733. The first baptism in Baliuag Church was ordered by Fr. Lector and Fr. Feliz Trillo, Provincial of the Province on June 7, 1933, while Baliuag was founded and began its de jure existence on May 26, 1733. The pueblo or town was created in the provincial Chapter on May 15, 1734, with the appointment of Fr. Manuel Bazeta/Baseta as first cura parroco.^[12]

In 1769–1774, the Church of Baliuag was built by Father Gregorio Giner. The present structure (the third church to be rebuilt, due to considerable damage during the 1880 Luzon earthquakes) was later rebuilt by Father Esteban Diaz using mortar and stone. The 1866 Belfry was also completed by Father Matias Novoa but the July 19, 1880, quake damaged the same which was later repaired by Father Thomas Gresa.^[13][14]

The earthquake of June 3, 1863, one of the strongest to ever hit Manila, destroyed the Governor's Palace in Intramuros. Malacañang then became the permanent residence of the head of the country. The massive quake also damaged the Baliuag Church.^[15] In 1870, the reconstruction began when a temporary house of worship, the “Provincial”, along Año 1733 street, emerged as a narrow, and simple edifice which later used by the RVM Sisters of the Colegio de la Sagrada Familia (now St. Mary's College of Baliuag) as the classroom. Antonio de Mesa, “Maestrong Tonio" fabricated the parts to have finished the Spanish-era Baliuag Church.

Baliwag City was the 10th town founded by the Augustinians in the province of Bulacan.^[16]

First Municipio

Baliuag had 30 curates (1733–1898): Fr. Esteban Diez Hidalgo and Fr. Fausto Lopez served 40 and 24 years, respectively. Fr. Lopez had 6 children with a beautiful native, Mariquita: Dr. Joaquin Gonzalez, Francisco, the former Assemblyman Ricardo Lloret Gonzales (Legislative districts of Bulacan, 5th Philippine Legislature), and Jose the eldest who was widely known as “Pepeng Mariquita", inter alia. Spanish cura parroco, Fr. Ysidoro Prada served in Baliuag during the last decade of the Spaniard regime.

The Philippine-American civil and military authorities supervised the first municipal elections, having chosen Baliuag as the site of the 1899 Philippine local elections, the first Philippine elections of May 7, 1899. Francisco Guererro was elected the First Presidente Municipal.^[17] The Filipinos gathered at the plaza of the St. Augustine Church after the Holy Mass, and thereafter the officials were selected based on the qualifications for voters set by the Americans.^[18]

The first town Gobernadorcillo (1789 title) of Baliuag was Cap. Jose de Guzman.^[19] He was assisted by the Tribunal's teniente mayor (chief lieutenant), juez de ganadas (judge of the cattle), juez de sementeras (judge of the field) and juez de policia (judge of the police). In the History of the Philippines (1521–1898), the 1893 Maura Law, the title of Gobernadorcillo became "capitan municipal" and that of each juez to teniente. From Baliuag's independence from Quingua, now Plaridel, Bulacan to 1898, 49 served as capitan, 13 alcalde and 92 as Gobernadorcillo. Felix de Lara (1782) and Agustin de Castro (1789) were the 1st alcalde and Gobernadorcillo, respectively. Municipal President Fernando Enrile, in 1908, honored some of these officials, even naming some of Baliuag calles in their honor, later. But all these political officials remained under the thumbs and the habito, of the autocratic Augustinian friars, the Baliuag Kura Parokos.

Don Mariano Ponce

Mariano Ponce was a native of Baliuag. He was a founding member of the Propaganda Movement together with José Rizal and Marcelo del Pilar; a former assemblyman of the second district of Bulacan to the Philippine Assembly; and the co-founder of La Solidaridad with fellow co-founder Graciano López-Jaena. His most common names are Naning (the Plaza Naning in Baliuag being named after his nickname); Kalipulako, named after the Cebuano hero Lapulapu; and Tagibalang or Tigbalang (Tikbalang), a supernatural being in Filipino folklore.^[20]

American period

The local government of Baliuag used as first Municipio under the American regime (History of the Philippines (1898–1946)) the Mariano Yoyongko (Gobernadorcillo in 1885) Principalia in Poblacion (now a part of the market site), which it bought from Yoyongko.^[21]

On September 15, 1915, Baliuag municipality bought the heritage mansion and a lot of Dr. Joaquin Gonzalez. The Gonzalez old mansion served as Lumang Municipio (the Old Municipio or Town Hall Building, as the seat of the local government) for 65 years. It is now the Baliuag Museum and Library.

Baliuag produced not less than 30 priests, including 3 during the Spanish-Dominican, and 2 Jesuits during the American regimes.

Jeorge Allan R. Tengco and Amy R. Tengco (wife of Lito S. Tengco), philanthropists, owners of Baliwag Transit and other chains of business establishments had been conferred the Papal Orders of Chivalry October 3, 2000 Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice and the 2012 Dame of the Order of St. Gregory the Great awards.^[22]

Fifth Republic

On June 16, 1995, communist guerrilla Melencio Salamat Jr., a local leader of the New People's Army (NPA) in Bulacan, surrendered to the authorities along with 94 other members of the NPA at the Baliwag municipal building. Prior to the surrender, Salamat's group was responsible for collecting "revolutionary taxes" from residents along the coastal towns of Bulacan, and had chosen to give up arms after NPA officials were killed on April 28 in Barangay Catulinan, Baliwag.^[23]

Cityhood

In 2018, the Sangguniang Bayan filed a resolution to request Bulacan 2nd District Representative Gavini Pancho, to file a house bill to convert Baliuag into a city.^[24]

Representatives Eric Go Yap (ACT-CIS Partylist) and Paolo Duterte (Davao City–1st) filed House Bill No. 7362, seeking to convert Baliuag into a city.^[25] House Bill No. 7362 was filed last August 12, 2020, for the conversion of the municipality of Baliuag into a component city in the province of Bulacan.^[26] House Bill No. 10444, filed by the three aforementioned representatives, was concurred by the Senate and submitted to the President for signature on June 29, 2022, a day before the end of the 18th Congress.^[27]

The bill lapsed into law without the President's signature on July 30, 2022 as Republic Act No. 11929.^[28] The plebiscite was originally set by the Commission on Elections on January 14, 2023, but its date was later moved to December 17, 2022, following the postponement of the December 2022 Barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan Elections to October 2023.^[29][30][31]

Despite having a low voter turnout,^[32] majority of participated voters ratified the cityhood, making Baliwag the Bulacan's fourth component city and the country's 148th.^[33][34][35]

Baliwag cityhood plebiscite

Choice	Votes	%
Yes	17,814	75.75
No	5,702	24.25
Valid votes	23,516	99.8%
Invalid or blank votes	46	0.2%
Total votes	23,562	100.00
Registered voters/turnout	108,572	21.7%
Source: Press statement from the COMELEC . news article from CNN Philippines

Geography

Barangays

Baliwag is politically subdivided into 27 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

Climate