Arrector pili

Details
Nerve	Sympathetic postganglionic nerve fibers
Identifiers
TA98	A16.0.00.024
TA2	7051
TH	H3.12.00.3.01041
FMA	67821
	Anatomical terms of muscle [edit on Wikidata

The arrector pili muscles, also known as hair erector muscles,^[1] are small muscles attached to hair follicles in mammals. Contraction of these muscles causes the hairs to stand on end,^[2] known colloquially as goose bumps (piloerection).^[3]

Structure

Each arrector pili is composed of a bundle of smooth muscle fibres which attach to several follicles (a follicular unit).^[4] Each is innervated by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.^[4] The muscle attaches to the follicular stem cell niche in the follicular bulge,^[3]^[4]^[5] splitting at their deep end to encircle the follicle.^[6]

Function

The contraction of the muscle is involuntary. Stresses such as cold, fear etc. may stimulate the sympathetic nervous system, and thus cause muscle contraction.^[4]

Thermal insulation

Contraction of arrector pili muscles have a principal function in the majority of mammals of providing thermal insulation.^[4] Air becomes trapped between the erect hairs, helping the animal retain heat.

Self defence

Erection of the porcupine's long, thick hairs causes the animal to become more intimidating, scaring predators.^{[citation needed]}

Sebum excretion

Pressure exerted by the muscle may cause sebum to be forced along the hair follicle towards the surface, protecting the hair.^[7]

Hair follicle stability

Arrector pili muscles also stabilise the base of the hair follicle.^[5]^[6]

Clinical significance

Skin conditions such as leprosy can damage arrector pili muscles, preventing their contraction.^[8]

History

The term "arrector pili" comes from Latin. It translates to "hair erector".^[1]

Additional images

Insertion of sebaceous glands into hair shaft
Cross-section of all skin layers

Notes

^ ^a ^b "Anatomy of the Skin | SEER Training". training.seer.cancer.gov. Retrieved 2021-01-21.
^ David H. Cormack (1 June 2001). Essential histology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 1–. ISBN 978-0-7817-1668-0. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
^ ^a ^b Fujiwara, Hironobu; Ferreira, Manuela; Donati, Giacomo; Marciano, Denise K.; Linton, James M.; Sato, Yuya; Hartner, Andrea; Sekiguchi, Kiyotoshi; Reichardt, Louis F.; Watt, Fiona M. (2011-02-18). "The Basement Membrane of Hair Follicle Stem Cells Is a Muscle Cell Niche". Cell. 144 (4): 577–589. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2011.01.014. ISSN 0092-8674. PMC 3056115. PMID 21335239.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Pascalau, Raluca; Kuruvilla, Rejji (August 2020). "A Hairy End to a Chilling Event". Cell. 182 (3): 539–541. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.07.004. ISSN 0092-8674. PMID 32763185. S2CID 221012408.
^ ^a ^b Torkamani, Niloufar; Rufaut, Nicholas; Jones, Leslie; Sinclair, Rodney (2017-01-01). "The arrector pili muscle, the bridge between the follicular stem cell niche and the interfollicular epidermis". Anatomical Science International. 92 (1): 151–158. doi:10.1007/s12565-016-0359-5. ISSN 1447-073X. PMID 27473595. S2CID 26307123.
^ ^a ^b Poblet, Enrique; Jiménez, Francisco; Ortega, Francisco (August 2004). "The contribution of the arrector pili muscle and sebaceous glands to the follicular unit structure". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 51 (2): 217–222. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2004.01.054. ISSN 0190-9622. PMID 15280840.
^ Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology Volume 51, Issue 2, August 2004, Pages 217-222 The contribution of the arrector pili muscle and sebaceous glands to the follicular unit structure☆ Enrique Poblet, Francisco Ortega. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2004.01.054
^ Budhiraja, Virendra; Rastogi, Rakhi; Khare, Satyam; Khare, Anjali; Krishna, Arvind (2010-09-01). "Histopathological changes in the arrector pili muscle of normal appearing skin in leprosy patients". International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 14: e70–e72. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2009.11.018. ISSN 1201-9712. PMID 20207571.

References

Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey. 2006. The Animal Diversity Web; https://web.archive.org/web/20110903154915/http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/topics/mammal_anatomy/hair.html
Burkitt, Young; et al. (1993). Wheater's Functional Histology: a text and colour atlas. Heath. p. 162.

Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Arrector_pili
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[:4-1] "Anatomy of the Skin | SEER Training". training.seer.cancer.gov. Retrieved 2021-01-21.

[Cormack2001-2] David H. Cormack (1 June 2001). Essential histology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 1–. ISBN 978-0-7817-1668-0. Retrieved 15 May 2011.

[:0-3] Fujiwara, Hironobu; Ferreira, Manuela; Donati, Giacomo; Marciano, Denise K.; Linton, James M.; Sato, Yuya; Hartner, Andrea; Sekiguchi, Kiyotoshi; Reichardt, Louis F.; Watt, Fiona M. (2011-02-18). "The Basement Membrane of Hair Follicle Stem Cells Is a Muscle Cell Niche". Cell. 144 (4): 577–589. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2011.01.014. ISSN 0092-8674. PMC 3056115. PMID 21335239.

[:1-4] Pascalau, Raluca; Kuruvilla, Rejji (August 2020). "A Hairy End to a Chilling Event". Cell. 182 (3): 539–541. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.07.004. ISSN 0092-8674. PMID 32763185. S2CID 221012408.

[:2-5] Torkamani, Niloufar; Rufaut, Nicholas; Jones, Leslie; Sinclair, Rodney (2017-01-01). "The arrector pili muscle, the bridge between the follicular stem cell niche and the interfollicular epidermis". Anatomical Science International. 92 (1): 151–158. doi:10.1007/s12565-016-0359-5. ISSN 1447-073X. PMID 27473595. S2CID 26307123.

[:3-6] Poblet, Enrique; Jiménez, Francisco; Ortega, Francisco (August 2004). "The contribution of the arrector pili muscle and sebaceous glands to the follicular unit structure". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 51 (2): 217–222. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2004.01.054. ISSN 0190-9622. PMID 15280840.

[7] Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology Volume 51, Issue 2, August 2004, Pages 217-222 The contribution of the arrector pili muscle and sebaceous glands to the follicular unit structure☆ Enrique Poblet, Francisco Ortega. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2004.01.054

[8] Budhiraja, Virendra; Rastogi, Rakhi; Khare, Satyam; Khare, Anjali; Krishna, Arvind (2010-09-01). "Histopathological changes in the arrector pili muscle of normal appearing skin in leprosy patients". International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 14: e70–e72. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2009.11.018. ISSN 1201-9712. PMID 20207571.

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