The units of measurement of ancient Rome were generally consistent and well documented.

Length

The basic unit of Roman linear measurement was the pes (plural: pedes) or Roman foot. Investigation of its relation to the English foot goes back at least to 1647, when John Greaves published his Discourse on the Romane foot. Greaves visited Rome in 1639, and measured, among other things, the foot measure on the tomb of Titus Statilius Aper, that on the statue of Cossutius formerly in the gardens of Angelo Colocci, the congius of Vespasian previously measured by Villalpandus, a number of brass measuring-rods found in the ruins of Rome, the paving-stones of the Pantheon and many other ancient Roman buildings, and the distance between the milestones on the Appian Way. He concluded that the Cossutian foot was the "true" Roman foot, and reported these values compared to the iron standard of the English foot in the Guildhall in London^[1]

Values of the ancient Roman foot determined by Greaves in 1639

Source	Reported value in English feet	Metric equivalent
Foot on the statue of Cossutius	0.967	295 mm
Foot on the monument of Statilius	0.972	296 mm
Foot of Villalpandus, derived from Congius of Vespasian	0.986	301 mm

William Smith (1851) gives a value of 0.9708 English feet, or about 295.9 mm.^[2] An accepted modern value is 296 mm.^[3] That foot is also called the pes monetalis to distinguish it from the pes Drusianus (about 333 or 335 mm) sometimes used in some provinces, particularly Germania Inferior.^[4][5]

The Roman foot was sub-divided either like the Greek pous into 16 digiti or fingers; or into 12 unciae or inches. Frontinus writes in the 1st century AD that the digitus was used in Campania and most parts of Italy.^[6] The principal Roman units of length were:

Ancient Roman units of length

Roman unit	English name	Equal to	Metric equivalent	Imperial equivalent	Notes
digitus	finger	1⁄16 pes	18.5 mm	0.728 in  0.0607 ft
uncia pollex	inch thumb	1⁄12 pes	24.6 mm	0.971 in  0.0809 ft
palmus (minor)	palm	1⁄4 pes	74 mm	0.243 ft
palmus maior	palm length (lit."greater palm")	3⁄4 pes	222 mm	0.728 ft	in late times
pes (plural: pedes)	(Roman) foot	1 pes	296 mm	0.971 ft	sometimes distinguished as the pes monetalis[a]
palmipes	foot and a palm	1+1⁄4 pedes	370 mm	1.214 ft
cubitum	cubit	1+1⁄2 pedes	444 mm	1.456 ft
gradus pes sestertius	step	2+1⁄2 pedes	0.74 m	2.427 ft
passus	pace	5 pedes	1.48 m	4.854 ft
decempeda pertica	perch	10 pedes	2.96 m	9.708 ft
actus (length)		120 pedes	35.5 m	116.496 ft	24 passus or 12 decembeda
stadium	stade	625 pedes	185 m	607.14 ft	600 Greek feet or 125 passus or 1⁄8 mille[7]
mille passus mille passuum	(Roman) mile	5,000 pedes	1.48 km	4,854 ft  0.919 mi	1000 passus or 8 stadia
leuga leuca	(Gallic) league	7,500 pedes	2.22 km	7,281 ft  1.379 mi
Except where noted, based on Smith (1851).[2] English and metric equivalents are approximate, converted at 1 pes = 0.9708 English feet and 296 mm respectively.

Other units include the schoenus (from the Greek for "rush rope") used for the distances in Isidore of Charax's Parthian Stations (where it had a value around 5 km or 3 miles)^[8][9] and in the name of the Nubian land of Triacontaschoenus between the First and Second Cataracts on the Nile (where it had a value closer to 10.5 km or 6+1⁄2 miles).^[10][11]

Area

The ordinary units of measurement of area were:

Ancient Roman units of area

Roman unit	English name	Equal to	Metric equivalent	Imperial equivalent	Description
pes quadratus	square foot	1 pes qu.	0.0876 m2	0.943 sq ft
scrupulum or decempeda quadrata		100 pedes qu.	8.76 m2	94.3 sq ft	the square of the standard 10-foot measuring rod
actus simplex		480 pedes qu.	42.1 m2	453 sq ft	4 × 120 pedes[12]
uncia		2,400 pedes qu.	210 m2	2,260 sq ft
clima		3,600 pedes qu.	315 m2	3,390 sq ft	60 × 60 pedes[12]
actus quadratus or acnua		14,400 pedes qu.	1,262 m2	13,600 sq ft	also called arpennis in Gaul[12]
jugerum		28,800 pedes qu.	2,523 m2	27,200 sq ft  0.623 acres
heredium		2 jugera	5,047 m2	54,300 sq ft  1.248 acres
centuria		200 jugera	50.5 ha	125 acres	formerly 100 jugera[12]
saltus		800 jugera	201.9 ha	499 acres
modius			16 ha	40 acres	Medieval Latin, plural modii[13]
Except where noted, based on Smith (1851).[2] Metric equivalents are approximate, converted at 1 pes = 296 mm.

Other units of area described by Columella in his De Re Rustica include the porca of 180 × 30 Roman feet (about 473 m² or 5,090 sq ft) used in Hispania Baetica and the Gallic candetum or cadetum of 100 feet^{[clarification needed]} in the city or 150 in the country. Columella also gives uncial divisions of the jugerum, tabulated by the anonymous translator of the 1745 Millar edition as follows:

Uncial divisions of the jugerum

Roman unit	Roman square feet	Fraction of jugerum	Metric equivalent	Imperial equivalent	Description
dimidium scrupulum	50	1⁄576	4.38 m2	47.1 sq ft
scrupulum	100	1⁄288	8.76 m2	94.3 sq ft
duo scrupula	200	1⁄144	17.5 m2	188 sq ft
sextula	400	1⁄72	35.0 m2	377 sq ft
sicilicus	600	1⁄48	52.6 m2	566 sq ft
semiuncia	1,200	1⁄24	105 m2	1,130 sq ft
uncia	2,400	1⁄12	210 m2	2,260 sq ft
sextans	4,800	1⁄6	421 m2	4,530 sq ft
quadrans	7,200	1⁄4	631 m2	6,790 sq ft
triens	9,600	1⁄3	841 m2	9,050 sq ft
quincunx	12,000	5⁄12	1,051 m2	11,310 sq ft
semis	14,400	1⁄2	1,262 m2	15,380 sq ft	= actus quadratus[2]
septunx	16,800	7⁄12	1,472 m2	15,840 sq ft
bes	19,200	2⁄3	1,682 m2	18,100 sq ft
dodrans	21,600	3⁄4	1,893 m2	20,380 sq ft
dextans	24,000	5⁄6	2,103 m2	22,640 sq ft
deunx	26,400	11⁄12	2,313 m2	24,900 sq ft
jugerum	28,800	1	2,523 m2	27,160 sq ft
Except where noted, based on Millar (1745).[12] Metric equivalents are approximate, converted at 1 pes = 296 mm.

Volume

Both liquid and dry volume measurements were based on the sextarius. The sextarius was defined as 1⁄48 of a cubic foot, known as an amphora quadrantal. Using the value 296 mm (11.7 in) for the Roman foot, an amphora quadrantal can be computed at approximately 25.9 L (6.8 US gal), so a sextarius (by the same method) would theoretically measure 540.3 ml (19.02 imp fl oz; 18.27 US fl oz), which is about 95% of an imperial pint (568.26125 ml).

Archaeologically, however, the evidence is not as precise. No two surviving vessels measure an identical volume, and scholarly opinion on the actual volume ranges between 500 ml (17 US fl oz)^[14] and 580 ml (20 US fl oz).^[15]

The core volume units are:

• amphora quadrantal (Roman jar) – one cubic pes (Roman foot)
• congius – a half-pes cube (thus 1⁄8 amphora quadrantal)
• sextarius – literally 1⁄6 of a congius

Liquid measure

Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Ancient_Roman_units_of_measurement
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Ancient Roman liquid measures

Roman unit	Equal to	Metric	Imperial	US fluid
ligula	1⁄288 congius	11.4 mL	0.401 fl oz	0.385 fl oz
cyathus	1⁄72 congius	45 mL	1.58 fl oz	1.52 fl oz
acetabulum	1⁄48 congius	68 mL	2.39 fl oz	2.30 fl oz