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Amazing Stories is an American science fiction magazine launched in April 1926 by Hugo Gernsback's Experimenter Publishing. It was the first magazine devoted solely to science fiction. Science fiction stories had made regular appearances in other magazines, including some published by Gernsback, but Amazing helped define and launch a new genre of pulp fiction.
As of 2024,[update] Amazing has been published, with some interruptions, for 98 years, going through a half-dozen owners and many editors as it struggled to be profitable. Gernsback was forced into bankruptcy and lost control of the magazine in 1929. In 1938 it was purchased by Ziff-Davis, who hired Raymond A. Palmer as editor. Palmer made the magazine successful though it was not regarded as a quality magazine within the science fiction community. In the late 1940s Amazing presented as fact stories about the Shaver Mystery, a lurid mythos that explained accidents and disaster as the work of robots named deros, which led to dramatically increased circulation but widespread ridicule. Amazing switched to a digest size format in 1953, shortly before the end of the pulp-magazine era. It was sold to Sol Cohen's Universal Publishing Company in 1965, which filled it with reprinted stories but did not pay a reprint fee to the authors, creating a conflict with the newly formed Science Fiction Writers of America. Ted White took over as editor in 1969, eliminated the reprints and made the magazine respected again: Amazing was nominated for the prestigious Hugo Award three times during his tenure in the 1970s. Several other owners attempted to create a modern incarnation of the magazine in the following decades, but publication was suspended after the March 2005 issue. A new incarnation appeared in July 2012 as an online magazine. Print publication resumed with the Fall 2018 issue.
Gernsback's initial editorial approach was to blend instruction with entertainment; he believed science fiction could educate readers. His audience rapidly showed a preference for implausible adventures, and the movement away from Gernsback's idealism accelerated when the magazine changed hands in 1929. Despite this, Gernsback had an enormous impact on the field: the creation of a specialist magazine for science fiction spawned an entire genre publishing industry. The letter columns in Amazing, where fans could make contact with each other, led to the formation of science fiction fandom, which in turn had a strong influence on the development of the field. Writers whose first story was published in the magazine include John W. Campbell, Isaac Asimov, Howard Fast, Ursula K. Le Guin, Roger Zelazny, and Thomas M. Disch. Overall, though, Amazing itself was rarely an influential magazine within the genre after the 1920s.
Origins
By the end of the 19th century, stories centered on scientific inventions, and stories set in the future, were appearing regularly in popular fiction magazines. The market for short stories lent itself to tales of invention in the tradition of Jules Verne.[1] Magazines such as Munsey's Magazine and The Argosy, launched in 1889 and 1896 respectively, carried a few science fiction stories each year. Some upmarket "slick" magazines such as McClure's, which paid well and were aimed at a more literary audience, also carried scientific stories, but by the early years of the 20th century, science fiction (though it was not yet called that) was appearing more often in the pulp magazines than in the slicks.[2][3][4]
In 1908, Hugo Gernsback published the first issue of Modern Electrics, a magazine aimed at the scientific hobbyist. It was an immediate success, and Gernsback began to include articles on imaginative uses of science, such as "Wireless on Saturn" (December 1908).[5] In April 1911, Gernsback began the serialization of his science fiction novel, Ralph 124C 41+, but in 1913 he sold his interest in the magazine to his partner and launched a new magazine, Electrical Experimenter, which soon began to publish scientific fiction. In 1920, Gernsback retitled the magazine Science and Invention, and through the early 1920s he published much scientific fiction in its pages, along with non-fiction scientific articles.[6]
Gernsback had started another magazine called Practical Electrics in 1921. In 1924, he changed its name to The Experimenter,[7] and sent a letter to 25,000 people to gauge interest in the possibility of a magazine devoted to scientific fiction; in his words, "the response was such that the idea was given up for two years."[8] In 1926, he decided to proceed, and ceased publication of The Experimenter to make room in his publishing schedule for a new magazine. The editor of The Experimenter, T. O'Conor Sloane, became the editor of Amazing Stories. The first issue appeared on 10 March 1926, with a cover date of April.[7]
Publishing history
1920s
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1926 | 1/1 | 1/2 | 1/3 | 1/4 | 1/5 | 1/6 | 1/7 | 1/8 | 1/9 | |||
| 1927 | 1/10 | 1/11 | 1/12 | 2/1 | 2/2 | 2/3 | 2/4 | 2/5 | 2/6 | 2/7 | 2/8 | 2/9 |
| 1928 | 2/10 | 2/11 | 2/12 | 3/1 | 3/2 | 3/3 | 3/4 | 3/5 | 3/6 | 3/7 | 3/8 | 3/9 |
| 1929 | 3/10 | 3/11 | 3/12 | 4/1 | 4/2 | 4/3 | 4/4 | 4/5 | 4/6 | 4/7 | 4/8 | 4/9 |
| 1930 | 4/10 | 4/11 | 4/12 | 5/1 | 5/2 | 5/3 | 5/4 | 5/5 | 5/6 | 5/7 | 5/8 | 5/9 |
| 1931 | 5/10 | 5/11 | 5/12 | 6/1 | 6/2 | 6/3 | 6/4 | 6/5 | 6/6 | 6/7 | 6/8 | 6/9 |
| 1932 | 6/10 | 6/11 | 6/12 | 7/1 | 7/2 | 7/3 | 7/4 | 7/5 | 7/6 | 7/7 | 7/8 | 7/9 |
| 1933 | 7/10 | 7/11 | 7/12 | 8/1 | 8/2 | 8/3 | 8/4 | 8/5 | 8/6 | 8/7 | 8/8 | |
| 1934 | 8/9 | 8/10 | 8/11 | 8/12 | 9/1 | 9/2 | 9/3 | 9/4 | 9/5 | 9/6 | 9/7 | 9/8 |
| 1935 | 9/9 | 9/10 | 9/11 | 10/1 | 10/2 | 10/3 | 10/4 | 10/5 | 10/6 | 10/7 | ||
| 1936 | 10/8 | 10/9 | 10/10 | 10/11 | 10/12 | 10/13 | ||||||
| 1937 | 11/1 | 11/2 | 11/3 | 11/4 | 11/5 | 11/6 | ||||||
| 1938 | 12/1 | 12/2 | 12/3 | 12/4 | 12/5 | 12/6 | 12/7 | |||||
| 1939 | 13/1 | 13/2 | 13/3 | 13/4 | 13/5 | 13/6 | 13/7 | 13/8 | 13/9 | 13/10 | 13/11 | 13/12 |
| Issues of Amazing to 1939, identifying volume and issue numbers, and indicating editors: Gernsback (yellow), Lynch (red), Sloane (blue), and Palmer (purple) | ||||||||||||
Initially the magazine focused on reprints; both classics such as Wells, Verne and Poe, and stories from other Gernsback magazines. The first original story was "The Man From the Atom (Sequel)" by G. Peyton Wertenbaker in the second issue, May 1926.[9] In the August issue, new stories (still a minority) were noted with an asterisk in the table of contents.[10] The editorial work was largely done by Sloane, but Gernsback retained final say over the fiction content. Two consultants, Conrad A. Brandt and Wilbur C. Whitehead, were hired to help find fiction to reprint. Frank R. Paul, who had worked with Gernsback as early as 1914, became the cover artist; Paul had produced many illustrations for the fiction in The Electrical Experimenter. Amazing was issued in the large bedsheet format, 8.5 × 11.75 in (216 × 298 mm), the same size as the technical magazines.[7] It was an immediate success and by the following March reached a circulation of 150,000.[11] Gernsback saw there was an enthusiastic readership for "scientifiction" (the term "science fiction" had not yet been coined), and in 1927 started a Discussions section[12] and issued Amazing Stories Annual. The annual sold out, and in January 1928, Gernsback launched a quarterly magazine, Amazing Stories Quarterly, as a regular companion to Amazing. It continued on a fairly regular schedule for 22 issues.[13][14] Gernsback was slow to pay his authors and creditors; the extent of his investments limited his liquidity. On 20 February 1929 his printer and paper supplier opened bankruptcy proceedings against him.[15][16] It has been suggested that Bernarr Macfadden, another magazine publisher, maneuvered to force the bankruptcy because Gernsback would not sell his titles to Macfadden, but this is unproven.[17][18] Experimenter Publishing did not file any defence and was declared bankrupt by default on 6 March; Amazing survived with its existing staff, but Hugo and his brother, Sidney, were forced out as directors. Arthur H. Lynch took over as editor-in-chief, though Sloane continued to have effective control of the magazine's contents. The receivers, Irving Trust, sold the magazine to Bergan A. Mackinnon on 3 April.[16][19][20]
1930s
In August 1931, Amazing was acquired by Teck Publications, a subsidiary of Bernarr Macfadden's Macfadden Publications.[21][22] Macfadden's deep pockets helped insulate Amazing from the financial strain caused by the Great Depression.[23] The schedule of Amazing Stories Quarterly began to slip, but Amazing did not miss an issue in the early 1930s.[14] However, it became unprofitable to publish over the next few years. Circulation dropped to little more than 25,000 in 1934, and in October 1935 it switched to bimonthly (publishing every other month).[24][25]
By 1938, with Amazing's circulation down to only 15,000, Teck Publications was having financial problems.[24] In January, Ziff-Davis took over the magazine and shortly thereafter moved production to Chicago;[26] the April issue was assembled by Sloane but published by Ziff-Davis. Bernard Davis, who ran Ziff-Davis's editorial department, attempted to hire Roger Sherman Hoar as editor; Hoar turned down the job but suggested Raymond A. Palmer, an active local science fiction fan. Palmer was hired that February, taking over editorial duties with the June issue.[24] Ziff-Davis launched Fantastic Adventures, a fantasy companion to Amazing, in May 1939, also under Palmer's editorship.[27] Palmer quickly managed to improve Amazing's circulation, and in November 1938, the magazine went monthly again, though this did not last throughout Palmer's tenure: between 1944 and 1946 the magazine was bimonthly and then quarterly for a while before returning to a longer-lasting monthly schedule.[14][28]
1940s
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1940 | 14/1 | 14/2 | 14/3 | 14/4 | 14/5 | 14/6 | 14/7 | 14/8 | 14/9 | 14/10 | 14/11 | 14/12 |
| 1941 | 15/1 | 15/2 | 15/3 | 15/4 | 15/5 | 15/6 | 15/7 | 15/8 | 15/9 | 15/10 | 15/11 | 15/12 |
| 1942 | 16/1 | 16/2 | 16/3 | 16/4 | 16/5 | 16/6 | 16/7 | 16/8 | 16/9 | 16/10 | 16/11 | 16/12 |
| 1943 | 17/1 | 17/2 | 17/3 | 17/4 | 17/5 | 17/6 | 17/7 | 17/8 | 17/9 | 17/10 | ||
| 1944 | 18/1 | 18/2 | 18/3 | 18/4 | 18/5 | |||||||
| 1945 | 19/1 | 19/2 | 19/3 | 19/4 | ||||||||
| 1946 | 20/1 | 20/2 | 20/3 | 20/4 | 20/5 | 20/6 | 20/7 | 20/8 | 20/9 | |||
| 1947 | 21/1 | 21/2 | 21/3 | 21/4 | 21/5 | 21/6 | 21/7 | 21/8 | 21/9 | 21/10 | 21/11 | 21/12 |
| 1948 | 22/1 | 22/2 | 22/3 | 22/4 | 22/5 | 22/6 | 22/7 | 22/8 | 22/9 | 22/10 | 22/11 | 22/12 |
| 1949 | 23/1 | 23/2 | 23/3 | 23/4 | 23/5 | 23/6 | 23/7 | 23/8 | 23/9 | 23/10 | 23/11 | 23/12 |
| Issues of Amazing in the 1940s, with the volume/issue number identified. Ray Palmer was editor throughout the 1940s so only a single color is used. | ||||||||||||
In September 1943, Richard Shaver, an Amazing reader, began to correspond with Palmer, who soon asked him to write stories for the magazine. Shaver responded with a story called "I Remember Lemuria," published in the March 1945 issue, which was presented by Palmer as a mixture of truth and fiction. The story, about prehistoric civilizations, dramatically boosted Amazing's circulation, and Palmer ran a new Shaver story in every issue, culminating in a special issue in June 1947 devoted entirely to the Shaver Mystery, as it was called.[notes 1][30] Amazing soon drew ridicule for these stories. A derisive article by William S. Baring-Gould in the September 1946 issue of Harper's prompted William Ziff to tell Palmer to limit the amount of Shaver-related material in the magazine; Palmer complied, but his interest (and possibly belief) in this sort of material was now significant, and he soon began planning to leave Ziff-Davis. In 1947 he formed Clark Publications, launching Fate the following year, and in 1949 he resigned from Ziff-Davis to edit that and other magazines.[31]
Howard Browne, who had been on a leave of absence from Ziff-Davis to write fiction, took over as editor and began by throwing away 300,000 words of inventory that Palmer had acquired before he left.[31] Browne had ambitions of moving Amazing upmarket, and his argument was strengthened by Street & Smith, one of the longest established and most respected publishers, who shut down all of their pulp magazines in the summer of 1949. The pulps were dying, largely as a result of the success of pocketbooks, and Street & Smith decided to concentrate on their slick magazines. Some pulps struggled on for a few more years, but Browne was able to persuade Ziff and Davis that the future was in the slicks, and they raised his fiction budget from one cent to a ceiling of five cents per word. Browne managed to get promises of new stories from many well-known authors, including Isaac Asimov and Theodore Sturgeon. He produced a dummy issue[32] in April 1950, and planned to launch the new incarnation of Amazing in April 1951, the 25th anniversary of the first issue. However, the economic impact of the Korean War, which broke out in June 1950, led to budget cuts. The plans were cancelled, and Ziff-Davis never revived the idea.[33]
1950s
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1950 | 24/1 | 24/2 | 24/3 | 24/4 | 24/5 | 24/6 | 24/7 | 24/8 | 24/9 | 24/10 | 24/11 | 24/12 |
| 1951 | 25/1 | 25/2 | 25/3 | 25/4 | 25/5 | 25/6 | 25/7 | 25/8 | 25/9 | 25/10 | 25/11 | 25/12 |
| 1952 | 26/1 | 26/2 | 26/3 | 26/4 | 26/5 | 26/6 | 26/7 | 26/8 | 26/9 | 26/10 | 26/11 | 26/12 |
| 1953 | 27/1 | 27/2 | 27/3 | 27/4 | 27/5 | 27/6 | 27/7 | 27/8 | ||||
| 1954 | 27/8 | 28/1 | Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Amazing_Stories_magazine||||||||||