Al-Mu'azzam Isa

Al-Muʿaẓẓam ʿĪsā
Al-Muʿaẓẓam ʿĪsā
Emir of Damascus
Reign	1218–1227
Predecessor	Al-Adil I
Successor	An-Nasir Dawud
Born	1176; Cairo
Died	12 November 1227 (aged 50–51); Damascus
Dynasty	Ayyubid
Religion	Sunni Islam

Sharaf ad-Dīn al-Muʿaẓẓam ʿĪsā (al-Malik al-Muʿaẓẓam ʿĪsā) (1176 – 1227) was the Ayyubid Kurdish emir of Damascus from 1218 to 1227. The son of Sultan al-Adil I and nephew of Saladin, founder of the dynasty, al-Mu'azzam was installed by his father as governor of Damascus in 1198^[1] or 1200.^[2] After his father's death in 1218, al-Mu'azzam ruled the Ayyubid lands in Syria in his own name, down to his own death in 1227.^[2] He was succeeded by his son, an-Nasir Dawud.

He was respected as a man of letters, and was interested in grammar and jurisprudence.^[3] By 1204, Jerusalem was his primary residence.^[1]

Legacy

He ordered and contributed to the construction and restoration of many buildings inside the Ḥaram ash-Sharīf (the Noble Sanctuary), Jerusalem:

Extending the Dome of the Rock terrace by 18 meters westward.^{[N 1]}
Two water-distribution structures: as a donor, not as a patron (one who ordered them built):^[4]
- 1210 or 1211: the Cistern of al-Muʿaẓẓam ʿĪsā, a water tank.^[5]
- 1216 or 1217: the Shaʿlān Sebil, a sebil (fountain).^[6]
1217 or 1218: restoring the arched portico of al-Aqsa Mosque's façade,^[7]^[8] adding a pendentive dome over the main entrance.^[1]
The Market of Knowledge (Sūq al-Maʿrifa):^[9] a Hanbalite prayer place in the southeast corner of the compound; demolished in the 19th century.^[1]
1213-14: ten cross-vaulted bays on piers in the central section of the compound's north portico (of the compound's northern wall).^[1]
1211-12: renovating the southeastern colonnade.^{[N 2]}^[10]
New door leaves for the Superintendant's Gate and Remission Gate.^[1]

He founded these madrasas:

1207: an-Naḥawiyya Madrasa (Grammarians' Madrasa), which is on the extended terrace he made.^[1]^[11]
1209–1218: al-Muʿaẓẓamīya Madrasa (al-Hanafiyya Madrasa), Jerusalem: specialized in Hanafi jurisprudence (now al-Mujāhidīn Mosque).^[3]
1214: an-Nāṣiriyya (an-Nāṣriyya): on top of the Golden Gate; named after his uncle, Saladin (al-Malik an-Nāṣir). It no longer exists.^[12]^[13]
al-Muʿaẓẓamīya Madrasa, aṣ-Ṣāliḥiyyah, Damascus: also his family mausoleum.^[14]

Furthermore, he modified the walls of Jerusalem and Damascus:

1202, 1203, 1212 and 1213-14: repairing Jerusalem's walls' fortifications.^[1]
1219: dismantling Jerusalem's walls to preemptively reduce Jerusalem's military strength in case of it falling into the hands of the Crusaders.^[1]
1226: rebuilding Damascus's city wall, likely also refortifying it with a tower at the southeastern corner.^[15]

References

^ p. 164: "extension of the whole west side of the Dome of the Rock terrace a full 18 m to the west, with the addition of some water tanks By extending the upper terrace, al-Muʿazzam created a prestigious site for a new building known as the "Grammar School" (al-Madrasa al-Nahwiyya)."^[1]
^ p. 170: "the arcade at the top of the eastern flight of steps on the south side of the Dome of the Rock terrace". But (on p. 154) is mislabelled as "Southwest Arcade".^[1]

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Grabar, Oleg; Ḳedar, B. Z. (2009). Where Heaven and Earth Meet: Jerusalem's Sacred Esplanade. University of Texas Press. pp. 163–171. ISBN 978-0-292-72272-9. In 1198, al-'Adil had his second son, al-Malik al-Mu'azzam 'Isa, invested as ruler of Damascus, a position that included responsibility for Jerusalem.
^ ^a ^b Littmann, E. (1960). "Aybak". In Gibb, H. A. R.; Kramers, J. H.; Lévi-Provençal, E.; Schacht, J.; Lewis, B. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume I: A–B. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 780. OCLC 495469456.
^ ^a ^b "Madrasat al-Malik Mu'azzam 'Isa (al-Mu'azzamiya)". Institute for International Urban Development.
^ Humphreys, R. Stephen (1977). From Saladin to the Mongols. SUNY Press. p. 151. ISBN 978-0-87395-263-7. The other two works of public utility connected with the name of al-Mu'azzam were in fact not directly sponsored by him. One is a cistern built in 607/1210, the other a cistern and kiosk built in 613/1216-17. Their inscriptions identify their patron – i.e., the man who ordered them built – as one Muhammad b. 'Urwa b. Sayyar al-Mausili, but the inscriptions also say they were built "by the benevolence of" (min ni'mat) al-Malik al-Mu'azzam. probably indicates that the prince contributed a sum of money towards the work as a gesture of piety.
^ Hawari, Mahmoud (2007). Ayyubid Jerusalem (1187-1250). Archaeopress. p. 127. ISBN 978-1-4073-0042-9. Ṣahrīj al-Malik al-Muʿaẓẓam ʿĪsā. 607 / 1210-11. Cistern of al-Malik al-Muʿaẓẓam ʿĪsā
^ "Sabil Sha'lan". Institute for International Urban Development.
^ Hillenbrand, Carole (2018). The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-95613-4. some of the second-hand material used in the arches of the facade includes the sculpted ornament taken from Crusader structures of the twelfth century One of the inscriptions on the porch records that the facade of the portico was constructed by the Ayyubid prince al-Mu'azzam 'Isa in c. 609/1217-18.
^ Blessing, Patricia (2017). Architecture and Landscape in Medieval Anatolia. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-1-4744-1131-8. al-Aqsa Mosque the north porch was rebuilt in 1217–18 under the patronage of Salah al-Din's nephew al-Malik al-Muʿazzam.
^ Jarrar, Sabri (1998). "Suq al-Maʿrifa: An Ayyubid Hanbalite Shrine in al-Haram al-Sharif" (PDF). Muqarnas. 15: 71–100. doi:10.2307/1523278. JSTOR 1523278.
^ The Third International Conference on Bilad Al-Sham: Jerusalem. University of Jordan, Yarmouk University. 1983. Under al-Mu'azzam 'Isa The arcade (qanatir) above the south-eastern flight of steps leading to the Dome of the Rock platform was restored (608 / 1211-12), the Nasiriyya Zawiya rebuilt (610/1214)
^ "Qubbat al-Nahawiya". Institute for International Urban Development (I2UD).
^ Griffel, Frank (2009). Al-Ghazali's Philosophical Theology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-972472-7. al-Nāṣiriyya
^ Masalha, Nur (2022). Palestine Across Millennia: A History of Literacy, Learning and Educational Revolutions. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7556-4297-7. Al-Madrasa al-Nasriyya
^ Herzfeld, Ernst (1934). Ars islamica XI-XII. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. pp. 49–50.
^ Kagay, Donald J.; Villalon, L. J. Andrew (1999). The Circle of War in the Middle Ages: Essays on Medieval Military and Naval History. Boydell & Brewer. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-85115-645-3.

Regnal titles
Preceded by Al-Adil I	Emir of Damascus 1218–1227	Succeeded by An-Nasir Dawud

This biographical article about a person notable in connection with Islam is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

[4] . 164: "extension of the whole west side of the Dome of the Rock terrace a full 18 m to the west, with the addition of some water tanks By extending the upper terrace, al-Muʿazzam created a prestigious site for a new building known as the "Grammar School" (al-Madrasa al-Nahwiyya)."^[1]

[11] . 170: "the arcade at the top of the eastern flight of steps on the south side of the Dome of the Rock terrace". But (on p. 154) is mislabelled as "Southwest Arcade".^[1]

[Grabar-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Grabar, Oleg; Ḳedar, B. Z. (2009). Where Heaven and Earth Meet: Jerusalem's Sacred Esplanade. University of Texas Press. pp. 163–171. ISBN 978-0-292-72272-9. In 1198, al-'Adil had his second son, al-Malik al-Mu'azzam 'Isa, invested as ruler of Damascus, a position that included responsibility for Jerusalem.

[EI2-2] Littmann, E. (1960). "Aybak". In Gibb, H. A. R.; Kramers, J. H.; Lévi-Provençal, E.; Schacht, J.; Lewis, B. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume I: A–B. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 780. OCLC 495469456.

[i2ud-3] "Madrasat al-Malik Mu'azzam 'Isa (al-Mu'azzamiya)". Institute for International Urban Development.

[5] Humphreys, R. Stephen (1977). From Saladin to the Mongols. SUNY Press. p. 151. ISBN 978-0-87395-263-7. The other two works of public utility connected with the name of al-Mu'azzam were in fact not directly sponsored by him. One is a cistern built in 607/1210, the other a cistern and kiosk built in 613/1216-17. Their inscriptions identify their patron – i.e., the man who ordered them built – as one Muhammad b. 'Urwa b. Sayyar al-Mausili, but the inscriptions also say they were built "by the benevolence of" (min ni'mat) al-Malik al-Mu'azzam. probably indicates that the prince contributed a sum of money towards the work as a gesture of piety.

[6] Hawari, Mahmoud (2007). Ayyubid Jerusalem (1187-1250). Archaeopress. p. 127. ISBN 978-1-4073-0042-9. Ṣahrīj al-Malik al-Muʿaẓẓam ʿĪsā. 607 / 1210-11. Cistern of al-Malik al-Muʿaẓẓam ʿĪsā

[7] "Sabil Sha'lan". Institute for International Urban Development.

[8] Hillenbrand, Carole (2018). The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-95613-4. some of the second-hand material used in the arches of the facade includes the sculpted ornament taken from Crusader structures of the twelfth century One of the inscriptions on the porch records that the facade of the portico was constructed by the Ayyubid prince al-Mu'azzam 'Isa in c. 609/1217-18.

[9] Blessing, Patricia (2017). Architecture and Landscape in Medieval Anatolia. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-1-4744-1131-8. al-Aqsa Mosque the north porch was rebuilt in 1217–18 under the patronage of Salah al-Din's nephew al-Malik al-Muʿazzam.

[10] Jarrar, Sabri (1998). "Suq al-Maʿrifa: An Ayyubid Hanbalite Shrine in al-Haram al-Sharif" (PDF). Muqarnas. 15: 71–100. doi:10.2307/1523278. JSTOR 1523278.

[12] The Third International Conference on Bilad Al-Sham: Jerusalem. University of Jordan, Yarmouk University. 1983. Under al-Mu'azzam 'Isa The arcade (qanatir) above the south-eastern flight of steps leading to the Dome of the Rock platform was restored (608 / 1211-12), the Nasiriyya Zawiya rebuilt (610/1214)

[13] "Qubbat al-Nahawiya". Institute for International Urban Development (I2UD).

[14] Griffel, Frank (2009). Al-Ghazali's Philosophical Theology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-972472-7. al-Nāṣiriyya

[15] Masalha, Nur (2022). Palestine Across Millennia: A History of Literacy, Learning and Educational Revolutions. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7556-4297-7. Al-Madrasa al-Nasriyya

[16] Herzfeld, Ernst (1934). Ars islamica XI-XII. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. pp. 49–50.

[17] Kagay, Donald J.; Villalon, L. J. Andrew (1999). The Circle of War in the Middle Ages: Essays on Medieval Military and Naval History. Boydell & Brewer. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-85115-645-3.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[N 1]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[N 2]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

v t e Rulers of the Ayyubid dynasty
Sultans of Egypt (1171–1250)	Saladin al-Aziz Uthman al-Mansur Nasir al-Din al-Adil I al-Kamil al-Adil II as-Salih Ayyub al-Muazzam Turanshah Shajar al-Durr al-Ashraf Musa
Emirs of Damascus (1174–1260)	Saladin al-Afdal al-Adil I al-Mu'azzam Isa an-Nasir Dawud al-Ashraf Musa as-Salih Ismail as-Salih Ayyub al-Muazzam Turanshah an-Nasir Yusuf
Emirs of Aleppo (1177–1260)	az-Zahir Ghazi al-Aziz Muhammad Dayfa Khatun (regent) an-Nasir Yusuf
Emirs of Homs (1175–1262)	Asad ad-Din Shirkuh Muhammad ibn Shirkuh al-Mujahid al-Mansur Ibrahim al-Ashraf Musa
Emirs of Hama (1175–1341)	al-Muzaffar I Umar al-Mansur I Muhammad al-Nasir Kilij Arslan al-Muzaffar II Mahmud al-Mansur II Muhammad al-Muzaffar III Mahmud al-Mu'ayyad Abu al-Fida al-Afdal Muhammad
Emirs of Diyar Bakr (1180–1260)	al-Awhad Ayyub al-Ashraf Musa al-Muzaffar Ghazi al-Kamil Muhammad
Emirs of Yemen and Hejaz (1173–1228)	Turan-Shah Tughtakin ibn Ayyub al-Muizz Ismail an-Nasir Ayyub al-Muzaffar Sulaiman al-Mas'ud Yusuf
Emirs of Baalbek (1175–1260)	Ibn al-Muqaddam Turan-Shah Farrukhshah Bahramshah al-Ashraf Musa as-Salih Ismail as-Salih Ayyub Saʿd al-Din al-Humaidi an-Nasir Yusuf

Authority control databases
International	FAST ISNI VIAF
National	Germany Israel United States Sweden
Other	IdRef İslâm Ansiklopedisi

Al-Muʿaẓẓam ʿĪsā
Emir of Damascus
Reign	1218–1227
Predecessor	Al-Adil I
Successor	An-Nasir Dawud
Born	1176 Cairo
Died	12 November 1227(1227-11-12) (aged 50–51) Damascus
Dynasty	Ayyubid
Religion	Sunni Islam