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The 7400 series is a popular logic family of transistor–transistor logic (TTL) integrated circuits (ICs).[3]
In 1964, Texas Instruments introduced the SN5400 series of logic chips, in a ceramic semiconductor package. A low-cost plastic package SN7400 series was introduced in 1966 which quickly gained over 50% of the logic chip market, and eventually becoming de facto standardized electronic components.[4][5] Over the decades, many generations of pin-compatible descendant families evolved to include support for low power CMOS technology, lower supply voltages, and surface mount packages.[6]
Overview
The 7400 series contains hundreds of devices that provide everything from basic logic gates, flip-flops, and counters, to special purpose bus transceivers and arithmetic logic units (ALU). Specific functions are described in a list of 7400 series integrated circuits. Some TTL logic parts were made with an extended military-specification temperature range. These parts are prefixed with 54 instead of 74 in the part number. The less-common 64 and 84 prefixes on Texas Instruments parts indicated an industrial temperature range. Since the 1970s, new product families have been released to replace the original 7400 series. More recent TTL-compatible logic families were manufactured using CMOS or BiCMOS technology rather than TTL.
| Prefix | Name | Temperature range | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|
| 54 | Military | -55 °C to +125 °C | |
| 64 | Industrial | -40 °C to +85 °C | rare |
| 74 | Commercial | 0 °C to +70 °C | most common |
Today, surface-mounted CMOS versions of the 7400 series are used in various applications in electronics and for glue logic in computers and industrial electronics. The original through-hole devices in dual in-line packages (DIP/DIL) were the mainstay of the industry for many decades. They are useful for rapid breadboard-prototyping and for education and remain available from most manufacturers. The fastest types and very low voltage versions are typically surface-mount only, however.[citation needed]
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The first part number in the series, the 7400, is a 14-pin IC containing four two-input NAND gates. Each gate uses two input pins and one output pin, with the remaining two pins being power (+5 V) and ground. This part was made in various through-hole and surface-mount packages, including flat pack and plastic/ceramic dual in-line. Additional characters in a part number identify the package and other variations.
Unlike the older resistor-transistor logic integrated circuits, bipolar TTL gates were unsuitable to be used as analog devices, providing low gain, poor stability, and low input impedance.[7] Special-purpose TTL devices were used to provide interface functions such as Schmitt triggers or monostable multivibrator timing circuits. Inverting gates could be cascaded as a ring oscillator, useful for purposes where high stability was not required.
History
Although the 7400 series was the first de facto industry standard TTL logic family (i.e. second-sourced by several semiconductor companies), there were earlier TTL logic families such as:
- Sylvania Universal High-level Logic in 1963[8][9][10]
- Motorola MC4000 MTTL[11][12][13]
- National Semiconductor DM8000[14][better source needed]
- Fairchild 9300 series[15][16]
- Signetics 8200 and 8T00[13][15][17]
The 7400 quad 2-input NAND gate was the first product in the series, introduced by Texas Instruments in a military grade metal flat package (5400W) in October 1964. The pin assignment of this early series differed from the de facto standard set by the later series in DIP packages (in particular, ground was connected to pin 11 and the power supply to pin 4, compared to pins 7 and 14 for DIP packages).[5] The extremely popular commercial grade plastic DIP (7400N) followed in the third quarter of 1966.[18]
The 5400 and 7400 series were used in many popular minicomputers in the 1970s and early 1980s. Some models of the DEC PDP-series 'minis' used the 74181 ALU as the main computing element in the CPU. Other examples were the Data General Nova series and Hewlett-Packard 21MX, 1000, and 3000 series.
In 1965, typical quantity-one pricing for the SN5400 (military grade, in ceramic welded flat-pack) was around 22 USD.[19] As of 2007, individual commercial-grade chips in molded epoxy (plastic) packages can be purchased for approximately US$0.25 each, depending on the particular chip.
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SN7400 die in the original flat package, manufactured by TI -
Die vs Schematic of one gate in a 74H00 -
Schematic of one gate in a 7400 -
Schematic of one gate in a 74LS00 -
Schematic of one gate in a 74ALS00 -
Size comparison of 74HC00 in DIP vs TSSOP package
Families
7400 series parts were constructed using bipolar junction transistors (BJT), forming what is referred to as transistor–transistor logic or TTL. Newer series, more or less compatible in function and logic level with the original parts, use CMOS technology or a combination of the two (BiCMOS). Originally the bipolar circuits provided higher speed but consumed more power than the competing 4000 series of CMOS devices. Bipolar devices are also limited to a fixed power supply voltage, typically 5 V, while CMOS parts often support a range of supply voltages.
Milspec-rated devices for use in extended temperature conditions are available as the 5400 series. Texas Instruments also manufactured radiation-hardened devices with the prefix RSN, and the company offered beam-lead bare dies for integration into hybrid circuits with a BL prefix designation.[20]
Regular-speed TTL parts were also available for a time in the 6400 series – these had an extended industrial temperature range of −40 °C to +85 °C. While companies such as Mullard listed 6400-series compatible parts in 1970 data sheets,[21] by 1973 there was no mention of the 6400 family in the Texas Instruments TTL Data Book. Texas Instruments brought back the 6400 series in 1989 for the SN64BCT540.[22] The SN64BCTxxx series is still in production as of 2023.[23] Some companies have also offered industrial extended temperature range variants using the regular 7400-series part numbers with a prefix or suffix to indicate the temperature grade.
As integrated circuits in the 7400 series were made in different technologies, usually compatibility was retained with the original TTL logic levels and power supply voltages. An integrated circuit made in CMOS is not a TTL chip, since it uses field-effect transistors (FETs) and not bipolar junction transistors (BJT), but similar part numbers are retained to identify similar logic functions and electrical (power and I/O voltage) compatibility in the different subfamilies. Over 40 different logic subfamilies use this standardized part number scheme.[6][page needed] The headings in the following table are: Vcc – power supply voltage; tpd – maximum gate delay; IOL – maximum output current at low level; IOH – maximum output current at high level. tpd, IOL, and IOH apply to most gates in a given family. Driver or buffer gates have higher output currents.
| Code | Family | Vcc | tpd | IOL | IOH | Year[a] | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bipolar TTL Families[b] | |||||||
| 74 | Standard TTL | 5 V ±5% | 22 ns | 16 mA | -0.4 mA | 1966[24]: 6–2 | The original 7400 logic family. Contains no characters between the "74" and the part number.[25]: 3–5 |
| 74H | High-Speed | 5 V ±5% | 10 ns | 20 mA | -0.5 mA | 1967[26]: 72 | Higher speed than the original 74 series, at the expense of power dissipation. TTL logic levels.[24]: 6–2 [25]: 3–6 |
| 74L | Low-Power | 5 V ±5% | 60 ns | 3.6 mA | -0.2 mA | 1967[26]: 72 | Same technology as the original 74 family, but with larger resistors to lower power consumption at the expense of gate speed. TTL logic levels. Now obsolete.[24]: 6–2 |
| 74S | Schottky | 5 V ±5% | 5 ns | 20 mA | -1 mA | 1969[26]: 72 | Implemented using Schottky diode. High current draw. TTL logic levels.[24]: 6–2 [25]: 3–9 |
| 74LS | Low-Power Schottky | 5 V ±5% | 15 ns | 8 mA | -0.4 mA | 1971[26]: 72 | Same technology as the 74S family, but with lower power consumption (2 mW) at the expense of gate speed. TTL logic levels.[24]: 6–2 [25]: 3–8 |
| 74F | FAST | 5 V ±5% | 3.9 ns | 20 mA | -1 mA | 1978[27] | Originally Fairchild's version of the 74AS family. TTL logic levels.[28]: 2–9, 4–3 |
| 74ALS | Advanced Low-Power Schottky | 5 V ±10% | 11 ns | 8 mA | -0.4 mA | 1980[26]: 72 | Same technology as the 74AS family, but with lower power consumption at the expense of gate speed. TTL logic levels.[29]: 2–4 |
| 74AS | Advanced Schottky | 5 V ±10% | 4.5 ns | 20 mA | -2 mA | 1982[26]: 72 | Same technology as the 74S family, but with "miller killer" circuitry to speed up low-to-high transitions. TTL logic levels.[29]: 2–5 |
| CMOS and BiCMOS Families[b] | |||||||
| 74C | CMOS | 3.0–15 V | 60 ns | 0.36 mA | -0.36 mA | 1975[30]: 1 | 74C is standard CMOS, similar to buffered 4000 (4000B) series. Input levels not compatible with TTL families. The 4000A series was introduced in 1968, the 4000B around 1975. |
| 74HC[c] | High-Speed CMOS | 2.0–6.0 V | 15 ns | 4 mA | -4 mA | 1983?[31]: 4–2 | Similar performance to 74LS. CMOS logic levels.[38][31]: 4–2 |
| 74HCT | High-Speed CMOS | 5 V ±10% | 15 ns | 4.8 mA | -4.8 mA | 1983?[31]: 5–2 | Similar performance to 74LS. TTL logic levels.[31]: 5–2 |
| 74HCTLS | High-Speed CMOS | 5 V ±10% | 15 ns | 8 mA | -4 mA | 1988?[39]: 417 | Samsung's version of the 74HCT series. TTL logic levels.[39]: 417 |
| 74HCS | Schmitt-Trigger Integrated High-Speed CMOS | 2.0–6.0 V | 13 ns | 7.8 mA | -7.8 mA | 2019?[40] | Schmitt triggers on all inputs.[41] CMOS logic levels. |
| 74AHC[c] | Advanced High-Speed CMOS | 2.0–5.5 V | 5.5 ns | 8 mA | -8 mA | Up to three times as fast as the 74HC family. 5 V tolerant inputs. CMOS logic levels.[42][43]: 3–5 Equivalent to 74VHC.[6]: 6 | |
| 74AHCT | Advanced High-Speed CMOS | 5 V ±10% | 6.9 ns | 8 mA | -8 mA | 1986?[44] | Up to three times as fast as the 74HCT family. TTL logic levels.[42][43]: 3–11 Equivalent to 74VHCT.[6]: 6 |
| 74VHC[c] | Very High-Speed CMOS | 2.0–5.5 V | 5.5 ns | 8 mA | -8 mA | 1992?[45] | 5 V tolerant inputs.[46] Equivalent to 74AHC.[6]: 6 CMOS logic levels. |
| 74VHCT | Very High-Speed CMOS | 5 V ±10% | 6.9 ns | 8 mA | -8 mA | 1995?[47] | Equivalent to 74AHCT.[6]: 6 TTL logic levels. |
| 74AC | Advanced CMOS | 2.0–6.0 V | 8 ns | 24 mA | -24 mA | 1985[48]: 1–3 | CMOS logic levels.[49]: 4–3 Outputs may cause ground bounce. |
| 74ACT | Advanced CMOS | 5 V ±10% | 8 ns | 24 mA | -24 mA | 1985[48]: 1–3 | TTL logic levels.[49][50]: AC-15 Outputs may cause ground bounce. |
| 74ACQ | Advanced CMOS with "quiet" outputs | 2.0–6.0 V | 6.5 ns | 24 mA | -24 mA | 1989[27] | Fairchild's "Quiet Series" offering lower ringing and ground bounce on state transitions. Bus interface circuits only in this family. CMOS logic levels.[51] |
| 74ACTQ | Advanced CMOS with "quiet" outputs | 5 V ±10% | 7.5 ns | 24 mA | -24 mA | 1989[27] | Fairchild's "Quiet Series" offering lower ringing and ground bounce on state transitions.[52] TTL logic levels.[51] |
| 74ABT[d][e] | Advanced BiCMOS | 5 V ±10% | 3.6 ns | 20 mA | -15 mA | 1991?[53] | TTL logic levels.[54] |
| 74LVCE | Low-Voltage CMOS | 1.4–5.5 V | 3.6 ns | 32 mA | -32 mA | 2010?[55] | CMOS logic levels. 5 V tolerant inputs. Extented supply voltage range and higher speed compared to 74LVC.[55] |
| Low-Voltage CMOS and BiCMOS Families[f] | |||||||
| 74LVT[d][g] | Low-Voltage BiCMOS | 2.7–3.6 V | 4.1 ns | 32 mA | -20 mA | 1992[59]: 1 | TTL logic levels, 5 V tolerant inputs and outputs.[60] Note, original 1992 LVTs had bus-hold. However a 1996 redesign of LVT emphasized performance, so 1992 LVTs were renamed LVTH to denote the bus-hold feature explicitly in the device name. LVTH also added the high impedance during power up/down feature.[59] |
| 74LVQ | Low-Voltage Quiet CMOS | 2.0–3.6 V | 9.5 ns | 12 mA | -12 mA | 1992[48]: 1–3 | TTL logic levels. Guaranteed incident-wave switching for 75 Ω lines.[48]: 1–3 |
| 74LV[c] | Low-Voltage CMOS | 2.7–3.6 V | 18 ns | 6 mA | -6 mA | 1993?[33]: 10–3 | TTL logic levels.[33]: 10–3 |
| 74LVC[c][d][e][g] | Low-Voltage CMOS | 2.0–3.6 V | 6 ns | 24 mA | -24 mA | 1993?[33]: 8–5 | TTL logic levels, 5 V tolerant inputs.[33]: 8–5 |
| 74ALVC[d][e] | Advanced Low-Voltage CMOS | 1.65–3.6 V | 3.0 ns | 24 mA | -24 mA | 1994?[33]: 3–21 | 3.3 V tolerant inputs and outputs.[73][74] |
| 74VCX | Advanced Low-Voltage CMOS | 1.20–3.6 V | 3.1 ns | 24 mA | -24 mA | 1997[27] | Fairchild's version of 74ALVC.[6]: 6 3.3 V tolerant inputs and outputs.[75] |
| 74LCX[c][d][e][g] | Low-Voltage High-Speed CMOS | 2.0–3.6 V | 4.3 ns | 24 mA | -24 mA | 1994[27] | Fairchild's version of 74LVC.[6]: 6 TTL logic levels. 5 V tolerant inputs and outputs.[76][77][78] |
| 74LVX[c] | Low-Voltage High-Speed CMOS | 2.0–3.6 V | 9.7 ns | 4 mA | -4 mA | 1994?[78] | TTL logic levels. 5 V tolerant inputs. Faster than 74VHC at low voltages.[78] |
| 74AUP | Advanced Ultra-Low-Power | 0.80–3.6 V | 3.8 ns | 4 mA | -4 mA | 2004?[79] | 3.3 V tolerant hysteresis inputs.[80] |
| 74G | Gigahertz | 1.65–3.6 V | 1.5 ns | 12 mA | -12 mA | 2006[81] | Speeds over 1 gigahertz with 5 V tolerant inputs.[82] |
| Very-Low-Voltage CMOS Families | |||||||
| 74AUC[c][d] | Advanced Ultra-Low-Voltage CMOS | 0.80–2.7 V | 2.0 ns | 9 mA | -9 mA | 2002?[83] | 3.3 V tolerant inputs.[84] |
| Limited Families for Special Applications[h] | |||||||
| 74SC | Standard CMOS | 5 V ±5% | 30 ns | 10 mA | -10 mA | 1981?[85] | Performance like Standard TTL at lower power consumption (intermediate step between 74C and 74HC). No simple gates in this family.[85][86] |
| 74FCT | Fast CMOS | 5 V ±5% | 7 ns | 64 mA | -15 mA | 1986?[44] | Manufactured in CMOS[44] or BiCMOS[87] technology. Performance like 74F at lower power consumption. No simple gates in this family. |
| 74BCT | BiCMOS | 5 V ±10% | 6.6 ns | 64 mA | -15 mA | 1988?[88] | TTL logic levels. Bus interface circuits only in this family.[88] |
| 74FBT | Fast BiCMOS | 5 V ±10% | 4.1 ns | 64 mA | -24 mA | 1990?[89]: 6.59 | Bus interface circuits only in this family.[89]: 6.59 |
| 74FB | Futurebus | 5 V ±5% | 5 ns | 80 mA | – [i] | 1992?[90]: 7–3 | Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=7400-series_integrated_circuits|