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 | This article needs to be updated. (May 2021) |
This list of Internet top-level domains (TLD) contains top-level domains, which are those domains in the DNS root zone of the Domain Name System of the Internet. A list of the top-level domains by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is maintained at the Root Zone Database.[1] IANA also oversees the approval process for new proposed top-level domains for ICANN. As of April 2021[update], their root domain contains 1502 top-level domains.[2][3] As of March 2021[update], the IANA root database includes 1589 TLDs. That also includes 68 that are not assigned (revoked), 8 that are retired and 11 test domains.[1] Those are not represented in IANA's listing[2] and are not in root.zone file (root.zone file also includes one root domain).[4]
Types
IANA distinguishes the following groups of top-level domains:[5]
- infrastructure top-level domain (ARPA)
- generic top-level domains (gTLD)
- generic-restricted top-level domains (grTLD)
- sponsored top-level domains (sTLD)
- country code top-level domains (ccTLD)
- test top-level domains (tTLD)
Original top-level domains
Seven generic top-level domains were created early in the development of the Internet, and predate the creation of ICANN in 1998.
- Name: DNS names
- Entity: intended use
- Administrator: managers
- Notes: general remarks
- IDN: support for internationalized domain names (IDN)
- DNSSEC: presence of DS records for Domain Name System Security Extensions
| Name | Entity | Administrator[6] | Notes | IDN | DNSSEC | SLD | IPv6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| .com | commercial | Verisign | This is an open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register. Though originally intended for use by for-profit business entities, for a number of reasons it became the main TLD for domain names and is currently used by all types of entities including nonprofits, schools, and private individuals. Domain name registrations may be successfully challenged if the holder cannot prove an outside relation justifying reservation of the name,[7] to prevent "squatting". It was originally administered by the United States Department of Defense. | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| .org | organization | Public Interest Registry | This is an open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register. Originally created as a miscellaneous category as stated in RFC 920 (October 1984) "...any other domains meeting the second level requirements," and clarified in RFC 1591 (March 1994), "This domain is intended as the miscellaneous TLD for organizations that didn't fit anywhere else. Some non-government organizations may fit here."[8][9] While mainly non-profits have used this domain, it was never restricted from miscellaneous use. | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| .net | network | Verisign | This is an open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register. According to RFC 1591 (March 1994) "This domain is intended to hold only the computers of network providers."[9] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| .int | international | Internet Assigned Numbers Authority | The .int TLD is strictly limited to organizations, offices, and programs endorsed by a treaty between two or more nations. However, a few grandfathered domains do not meet these criteria. | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| .edu | education | Educause (via Verisign) | The .edu TLD is limited to specific higher educational institutions such as, but not limited to, trade schools and universities. In the U.S., its use was restricted in 2001 to post-secondary institutions accredited by an agency on the list of nationally recognized accrediting agencies. This domain is therefore almost exclusively used by American colleges and universities. Some institutions, such as the Exploratorium, that do not meet the current registration criteria have grandfathered domain names. | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| .gov | U.S. national and state government agencies | Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (via Verisign) | The .gov TLD is limited to United States governmental entities and agencies as well as qualifying state, county and local municipal government agencies, and tribal governments. | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| .mil | U.S. military | United States Department of Defense | The .mil TLD is limited to divisions, services and agencies of the United States Department of Defense. | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Infrastructure top-level domains
| Infrastructure | Entity | Notes | IDN | DNSSEC |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| .arpa | "Address and Routing Parameter Area" | Originally assigned to the Advanced Research Projects Agency in the early days on the Internet, .arpa is now exclusively used as an Internet infrastructure TLD. | No | Yes |
Country code top-level domains
As of 20 May 2017, there were 255 country-code top-level domains, purely in the Latin alphabet, using two-character codes. As of June 2022[update], the number was 316, with the addition of internationalized domains.[1]
Proposed internationalized ccTLDs
Internationalised domain names have been proposed for Japan and Libya.
ICANN-era generic top-level domains
- Name: DNS name
- Target market: intended use
- Restrictions: restrictions, if any, on who can register, and how the domain can be used
- Operator: entity the registry has been delegated to
- IDN: support for internationalized domain names (IDN)
- DNSSEC: presence of DS records for Domain Name System Security Extensions
English
A
| Name | Target market | Restrictions | Operator/Registry | IDN | DNSSEC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| .academy | Schools, military academies, online learning websites, PTAs and student portals, or any site created to be educational on a particular topic. | — | Identity Digital[ID 1] | Yes | Yes |
| .accountant | Certified Public Accountants, tax advisors, corporate accountants, personal and business accountants, and professional CPA organizations. | — | Global Registry Services Ltd[10] | Unknown | Yes |
| .accountants | Accountants and accounting firms. | — | Identity Digital[ID 2] | Yes | Yes |
| .active | Reserved for Active Network. | The Active Network | Unknown | Yes | |
| .actor | Aspiring actors and their agents, theaters and movie studios, entertainment outlets, streaming video sites, movie review sites, and celebrity gossip sites. | — | Identity Digital[n 1] | Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=.kids