A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | CH | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9
Jersey Jèrri (Jèrriais) | |
|---|---|
British Crown Dependency | |
| Bailiwick of Jersey | |
| Motto: | |
| Anthem: "God Save the King" | |
| Island anthem: "Island Home"[3] | |
 Location of Jersey (green) in Europe (dark grey) | |
| Sovereign state responsible for Jersey[1][2] | United Kingdom |
| Separation from the Duchy of Normandy | 1204 |
| Capital and largest parish[b] | St Helier[a] 49°11.4′N 2°6.6′W / 49.1900°N 2.1100°W |
| Official languages | |
| Ethnic groups (2021)[4] | |
| Religion (2015)[5] |
|
| Demonym(s) | Islanders, Jerseyman, Jerseywoman, Jersey bean, Jersey crapaud, Jèrriais(e) |
| Government | Parliamentary constitutional monarchy |
| Charles III | |
| Jerry Kyd | |
• Bailiff | Sir Tim Le Cocq |
| Lyndon Farnham | |
| Legislature | States Assembly |
| Area | |
• Total | 119.6[6] km2 (46.2 sq mi) (unranked) |
• Water (%) | 0 |
| Highest elevation | 469 ft (143 m) |
| Population | |
• 2021 census | 103,267[7] |
• Density | 859/km2 (2,224.8/sq mi) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2015 estimate |
• Total | billion (£4.57 billion)[8] (not ranked) |
• Per capita | (£45,783) (not ranked) |
| GDP (nominal) | 2019 estimate |
• Total | £4.885 billion (US billion)[9] |
• Per capita | £45,320 |
| Gini (2014) |  0.3[10]low |
| HDI (2011) | 0.985[11] very high · not ranked |
| Currency | Pound sterling Jersey pound (£) (GBP) |
| Time zone | UTC±00:00 (GMT) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+01:00 (BST) |
| Date format | dd/mm/yyyy |
| Mains electricity | 230 V–50 Hz |
| Driving side | left |
| Calling code | +44 |
| UK postcode | |
| ISO 3166 code | JE |
| Internet TLD | .je |
Jersey (/ˈdʒɜːrzi/ JUR-zee; Jèrriais: Jèrri [ʒɛri]), officially known as the Bailiwick of Jersey,[d][12][13][14] is an island country and self-governing British Crown Dependency near the coast of north-west France.[15][16][17] It is the largest of the Channel Islands and is 14 miles (23 km) from the Cotentin Peninsula in Normandy.[18] The Bailiwick consists of the main island of Jersey and some surrounding uninhabited islands and rocks including Les Dirouilles, Les Écréhous, Les Minquiers, and Les Pierres de Lecq.[19]
Jersey was part of the Duchy of Normandy, whose dukes became kings of England from 1066. After Normandy was lost by the kings of England in the 13th century, and the ducal title surrendered to France, Jersey remained loyal to the English Crown, though it never became part of the Kingdom of England. Between then and the end of the Napoleonic Wars, Jersey was at the frontline of Anglo-French Wars and was invaded a number of times, leading to the construction of fortifications such as Mont Orgueil Castle and a thriving smuggling industry. During the Second World War, the island was invaded and occupied for five years by Nazi Germany. The island was liberated on 9 May 1945, which is now celebrated as the island's national day.[20]
Jersey is a self-governing parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarchy, with its own financial, legal and judicial systems,[7] and the power of self-determination.[21] Jersey's constitutional relationship is with the Crown; it is not part of the United Kingdom.[22][23][24] The bailiff is the civil head, president of the states and head of the judiciary; the lieutenant governor represents the head of state, the British monarch; and the chief minister is the head of government. Jersey's defence and international representation – as well as certain policy areas, such as nationality law – are the responsibility of the UK government, but Jersey still has a separate international identity.[25]
The island has a large financial services industry, which generates 40% of its GVA.[6] British cultural influence on the island is evident in its use of English as the main language and pound sterling as its primary currency. Additional British cultural similarities include: driving on the left, access to British television, newspapers and other media, a school curriculum following that of England,[26] and the popularity of British sports, including football and cricket.[27] The island also has a strong Norman-French culture, such as its historic dialect of the Norman language, Jèrriais, being one of only two places in Normandy with government status for the language (the other being Guernsey), as well as the use of standard French in legal matters and officially in use as a government language, strong cultural ties to mainland Normandy as a part of the Normandy region, and place names with French or Norman origins. The island has very close cultural links with its neighbouring islands in the Bailiwick of Guernsey, and they share a good-natured rivalry. Jersey and its people have been described as a nation.[28][29][30]
Name
The Channel Islands are mentioned in the Antonine Itinerary as the following: Sarnia, Caesarea, Barsa, Silia and Andium, but Jersey cannot be identified specifically because none corresponds directly to the present names.[31] The name Caesarea has been used as the Latin name for Jersey (also in its French version Césarée) since William Camden's Britannia,[32] and is used in titles of associations and institutions today. The Latin name Caesarea was also applied to the colony of New Jersey as Nova Caesarea.[33][34]
Andium, Agna and Augia were used in antiquity.[35][36]
Scholars variously surmise that Jersey and Jèrri derive from jǫrð (Old Norse for 'earth') or jarl ('earl'), or perhaps the Norse personal name Geirr (thus Geirrsey, 'Geirr's Island').[37] The ending -ey denotes an island[38][39] (as in Guernsey or Surtsey).
History
Humans have lived on the island since at least 12,000 BCE, with evidence of habitation in the Palaeolithic period (La Cotte de St Brelade) and Neolithic dolmens, such as La Hougue Bie. Evidence of Bronze Age and early Iron Age settlements can be found in many locations around the island.[40]
Archaeological evidence of Roman influence has been found, in particular at Les Landes.[41] Christianity was brought to the island by migrants from Brittany in c. fifth - sixth century CE.[42] In the sixth century, the island's patron saint Helier lived at the Hermitage on L'Islet (now Elizabeth Castle). Legend states that Helier was beheaded by raiders and subsequently lifted his head and walked to shore.[43]
In the ninth century the island was raided by Vikings and in 933 it was annexed to Normandy by William Longsword.[44]: 22 When Duke William the Conqueror became King of England in 1066, the island remained part of the Norman possessions. However, in 1204, when Normandy was returned to the French king, the island remained a possession of the English crown, though never incorporated into England.[42]: 25 Traditionally it is said that Jersey's self-governance originates from the Constitutions of King John, however this is disputed.[44]: 25 Nevertheless, the island continued to follow Norman customs and laws. The King also appointed a Bailiff and a Warden (now Lieutenant-Governor). The period of English rule was marked by wars between England and France, as such a military fortress was built at Mont Orgueil.[42]: 25–8
During the Tudor period, the split between the Church of England and the Vatican led to islanders adopting the Protestant religion. During the reign of Elizabeth, French refugees brought strict Calvinism to the island, which remained the common religion until 1617.[42] In the late 16th century, islanders travelled across the North Atlantic to participate in the Newfoundland fisheries.[45] In recognition for help given to him during his exile in Jersey in the 1640s, King Charles II of England gave Vice Admiral Sir George Carteret, bailiff and governor, a large grant of land in the American colonies in between the Hudson and Delaware rivers, which he promptly named New Jersey. It is now a state in the United States.[46][47]
In 1769, the island suffered food supply shortages, leading to an insurrection on 28 September known as the Corn Riots. The States met at Elizabeth Castle and decided to request help from the King. However, in 1771 the Crown demanded reforms to the island's governance, leading to the Code of 1771 and removed the powers of the Royal Court to make laws without the States.[42] In 1781, during the American Revolutionary War, the island was invaded by a French force which captured St Helier, but was defeated by Major Peirson's army at the Battle of Jersey.[48]
The 19th century saw the improvement of the road network under General Don,[49] the construction of two railway lines, the improvement of transport links to England, and the construction of new piers and harbours in St Helier.[42] This grew a tourism industry in the island and led to the immigration of thousands of English residents, leading to a cultural shift towards a more anglicised island culture. Island politics was divisively split between the conservative Laurel party and the progressive Rose party, as the lie of power shifted increasingly to the States from the Crown.[42] In the 1850s, the French author Victor Hugo lived in Jersey, but was expelled for insulting the Queen, so he moved on to Guernsey.[42]
During the Second World War, 6,500 Jersey residents were evacuated by their own choice to the UK out of a total population of 50,000.[50] Jersey was occupied by Germany from 1 July 1940 until 9 May 1945, when Germany surrendered.[51] During this time the Germans constructed many fortifications using slave labour imported onto the island from many different countries occupied or at war with Germany.[52] After 1944, supplies from France were interrupted by the D-Day landings, and food on the island became scarce. The SS Vega was sent to the island carrying Red Cross supplies and news of the success of the Allied advance in Europe. During the Nazi occupation, a resistance cell was created by communist activist Norman Le Brocq and the Jersey Communist Party, whose communist ideology of forming a 'United Front' led to the creation of the Jersey Democratic Movement.[53] The Channel Islands had to wait for the German surrender to be liberated. 9 May is celebrated as the island's Liberation Day, where there are celebrations in Liberation Square. After Liberation, the States was reformed, becoming wholly democratically elected, and universal franchise was implemented. Since liberation, the island has grown in population and adopted new industries, especially the finance industry.[42]
Politics
Jersey is a Crown Dependency and is not part of the United Kingdom – it is officially part of the British Islands. As one of the Crown Dependencies, Jersey is autonomous and self-governing, with its own independent legal, administrative and fiscal systems.[54] Jersey's government has described Jersey as a "self-governing, democratic country with the power of self-determination".[55]
Because Jersey is a dependency of the British Crown, King Charles III reigns in Jersey.[56] "The Crown" is defined by the Law Officers of the Crown as the "Crown in right of Jersey".[57] The King's representative and adviser in the island is the Lieutenant Governor of Jersey – Vice-Admiral Jerry Kyd since 8 October 2022. He is a point of contact between Jersey ministers and the UK Government and carries out some functions in relation to immigration control, deportation, naturalisation and the issue of passports.[58]
In 1973, the Royal Commission on the Constitution set out the duties of the Crown as including: ultimate responsibility for the 'good government' of the Crown Dependencies; ratification of island legislation by Order-in-Council (royal assent); international representation, subject to consultation with the island authorities before concluding any agreement which would apply to them; ensuring the islands meet their international obligations; and defence.[59]
Legislature and government
Jersey's unicameral legislature is the States Assembly. It includes 49 elected members: 12 connétables (often called "constables", heads of parishes) and 37 deputies (representing constituencies), all elected for four-year terms as from the October 2011 elections.[60] Jersey has one of the lowest voter turnouts internationally, with just 33% of the electorate voting in 2005, putting it well below the 77% European average for that year.[61]
From the 2022 elections, the role of senators was abolished and the eight senators were replaced with an increased number of deputies. The 37 deputies are now elected from nine super constituencies, rather than in individual parishes. Although efforts were made the remove the connétables, they will continue their historic role as states members.[62]
There are also five non-voting members appointed by the Crown: the bailiff, the Lieutenant Governor of Jersey, the Dean of Jersey, the attorney general and solicitor general.[63] The Bailiff is President (presiding officer) of the States Assembly,[64] head of the judiciary and as civic head of the island carries out various ceremonial roles.[65]
The Council of Ministers, consisting of a chief minister and nine ministers, makes up the leading body of the government of Jersey.[66][67] Each minister may appoint up to two assistant ministers.[68] A chief executive is head of the civil service.[69] Some governmental functions are carried out in the island's parishes.[70]
Law
Jersey is a distinct jurisdiction for the purposes of conflict of laws, separate from the other Channel Islands, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.[71]
Jersey law has been influenced by several different legal traditions, in particular Norman customary law, English common law and modern French civil law.[72] Jersey's legal system is therefore described as 'mixed' or 'pluralistic', and sources of law are in French and English languages, although since the 1950s the main working language of the legal system is English.[73]
The principal court is the Royal Court, with appeals to the Jersey Court of Appeal and, ultimately, to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council.[74] The Bailiff is head of the judiciary; the Bailiff and the Deputy Bailiff are appointed by the Crown. Other members of the island's judiciary are appointed by the Bailiff.[65]
External relations
The external relations of Jersey are overseen by the External Relations Minister of the Government of Jersey.[75][76] In 2007, the chief minister and the UK Lord Chancellor signed an agreement that established a framework for the development of the international identity of Jersey.[77]
Although diplomatic representation is reserved to the Crown, Jersey has been developing its own international identity over recent years. It negotiates directly with foreign governments on various matters, for example, tax information exchange agreements (TIEAs) have been signed directly by the island with several countries.[78][79] The government maintains offices (some in partnership with Guernsey) in Caen,[80] London[81] and Brussels.[82]
Jersey is a member of the British-Irish Council,[83] the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association[84] and the Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie.[85]
Jersey independence has in the past been discussed in the States Assembly. Former external relations minister, Sir Philip Bailhache, has at various times warned that the island may need to become independent.[86] It is not Jersey government policy to seek independence, but the island is prepared if needs to do so.[87][88][89]
Jersey is a third-party European country to the EU. Since 1 January 2021, Jersey has been part of the UK-EU Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement for the purposes of goods and fishing. Goods exported from the island into Europe are not subject to tariffs and Jersey is solely responsible for management of its territorial waters, however permits may be granted to EU fishermen who have a history of fishing in the Bailiwick's waters. The management of this permit system has caused tension between the French and Jersey authorities, with the French threatening to cut off Jersey's electricity supply in May 2021.[90] Before the end of the transition period after the UK withdrew from the EU in 2020, Jersey had a special relationship with the EU.[e] It was part of the EU customs union and there was free movement of goods between Jersey and the EU, but the single market in financial services and free movement of people did not apply to Jersey.[91][92]
Jersey also has close relations with Portugal including the exchangement of tax information, these relations are specifically strong with the Autonomous Region of Madeira, where St.Helier has one of its sister cities (Funchal).[93]
Administrative divisions
Jersey is divided into twelve parishes (which have civil and religious functions). They are all named after their parish church. The connétable is the head of the parish. They are elected at island general elections and sit ex oficio in the States Assembly.[70]
The parishes have various civil administrative functions, such as roads (managed by the Road Committee) and policing (through the Honorary Police). Each parish is governed through direct democracy at parish assemblies, consisting of all eligible voters resident in the parish. The Procureurs du Bien Public are the legal and financial representatives of these parishes.[70]
The parishes of Jersey are further divided into vingtaines (or, in St. Ouen, cueillettes).[94]
Geography
Jersey is an island measuring 46.2 square miles (119.6 km2) (or 66,436 vergées),[6] including reclaimed land and intertidal zone. It lies in the English Channel, about 12 nautical miles (22 km; 14 mi) from the Cotentin Peninsula in Normandy, France, and about 87 nautical miles (161 km; 100 mi) south of Great Britain.[f] It is the largest and southernmost of the Channel Islands and part of the British Isles, with a maximum land elevation of 143 m (469 ft) above sea level.[95]
About 24% of the island is built-up. 52% of the land area is dedicated to cultivation and around 18% is the natural environment.[96]
It lies within longitude -2° W and latitude 49° N. It has a coastline that is 43 miles (70 km) long and a total area of 46.2 square miles (119.6 km2). It measures roughly 9 miles (14 km) from west to east and 5 miles (8 km) north to south, which gives it the affectionate name among locals of "nine-by-five".[97]
The island is divided into twelve parishes; the largest is St Ouen and the smallest is St Clement. The island is characterised by a number of valleys which generally run north-to-south, such as Waterworks Valley, Grands Vaux, Mont les Vaux, although a few run in other directions, such as Le Mourier Valley. The highest point on the island is Les Platons at 136 m (446 ft).[98]
There are several smaller island groups that are part of the Bailiwick of Jersey, such as Les Minquiers and Les Écrehous, however unlike the smaller islands of the Bailiwick of Guernsey, none of these are permanently inhabited.[99]
Settlements
The largest settlement is the town of St Helier, including the built-up area of southern St Helier and neighbouring areas such as Georgetown, which also plays host to the island's seat of government. The town is the central business district, hosting a large proportion of the island's retail and employment, such as the finance industry.[100]
Outside of the town, many islanders live in suburban and rural settlements, especially along main roads leading out of town and even the more rural areas of the island have considerable amounts of development (St Ouen, the least densely populated parish still has 270 persons per square kilometre[101]). The south and east coasts from St Aubin to Gorey are largely urbanised. The second smaller urban area is the Les Quennevais area in St Brelade, which is home to a small precinct of shops,[102] a school, a park and a leisure centre.[103]
Most people across Jersey regularly travel from the rural settlements to St Helier and from the town to the rural areas for work and leisure purposes.[104]
Housing costs in Jersey are very high. The Jersey House Price Index has at least doubled between 2002 and 2020. The mix-adjusted house price for Jersey is £567,000, higher than any UK region (UK average: £249,000) including London (average: £497,000; highest of any UK region).[105]
Climate
The island has an oceanic climate with mild winters and mild to warm summers.[106] The highest temperature recorded was 37.9 °C (100.2 °F), on 18 July 2022,[107] and the lowest temperature recorded was −10.3 °C (13.5 °F), on 5 January 1894. 2014 was the warmest year on record; the mean daily air temperature was 13.34 °C.[108] For tourism advertising, Jersey often claims to be "the sunniest place in the British Isles", as Jersey has over 1,900 hours of sunlight. In 2011, Jersey generated controversy for calling itself "the warmest place in the British Isles" during an advertising campaign.[109]
Typical wind speeds vary between 20 kilometres per hour (12 mph) and 40 kilometres per hour (25 mph), with gusts over 60 kilometres per hour (40 mph) once every 4–5 years.[110]
The following table contains the official data for 1981–2010 at Jersey Airport, located 4.5 miles (7.2 km) from St. Helier –
| Climate data for Jersey Airport, elevation 84m, 1981–2010 | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 14.0 (57.2) |
18.0 (64.4) |
20.3 (68.5) |
25.0 (77.0) |
28.0 (82.4) |
33.0 (91.4) |
37.9 (100.2) |
36.0 (96.8) |
30.2 (86.4) |
26.0 (78.8) |
21.0 (69.8) |
16.0 (60.8) |
37.9 (100.2) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 8.3 (46.9) |
8.4 (47.1) |
10.4 (50.7) |
12.5 (54.5) |
15.8 (60.4) |
18.4 (65.1) |
20.4 (68.7) |
20.6 (69.1) |
18.7 (65.7) |
15.4 (59.7) |
11.7 (53.1) |
9.2 (48.6) |
14.2 (57.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 6.3 (43.3) |
6.1 (43.0) |
7.9 (46.2) |
9.5 (49.1) |
12.6 (54.7) |
15.1 (59.2) |
17.2 (63.0) |
17.5 (63.5) |
15.8 (60.4) |
13.0 (55.4) |
9.6 (49.3) |
7.1 (44.8) |
11.5 (52.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 4.3 (39.7) |
3.8 (38.8) |
5.3 (41.5) |
6.5 (43.7) |
9.3 (48.7) |
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