Bilanafos

Bialaphos
Names
	Systematic IUPAC name (2S)-2-hydroxy(methylphosphonoyl)butanamido}propanamidopropanoic acid
	Other names L-Alanyl-L-alanyl-phosphinothricin
Identifiers
CAS Number	35597-43-4 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChemSpider	4575372 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.113.731
PubChem CID	5462314;
UNII	7488PCM6I2 ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID5058066 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C11H22N3O6P/c1-6(9(15)14-7(2)11(17)18)13-10(16)8(12)4-5-21(3,19)20/h6-8H,4-5,12H2,1-3H3,(H,13,16)(H,14,15)(H,17,18)(H,19,20)/t6-,7-,8-/m0/s1 Key: GINJFDRNADDBIN-FXQIFTODSA-N ; InChI=1/C11H22N3O6P/c1-6(9(15)14-7(2)11(17)18)13-10(16)8(12)4-5-21(3,19)20/h6-8H,4-5,12H2,1-3H3,(H,13,16)(H,14,15)(H,17,18)(H,19,20)/t6-,7-,8-/m0/s1 Key: GINJFDRNADDBIN-FXQIFTODBR;
	SMILES O=C(O)C@@H(NC(=O)C@@H(NC(=O)C@@H(N)CCP(=O)(O)C)C)C;
Properties
Chemical formula	C11H22N3O6P
Molar mass	323.286 g·mol−1
Density	1.33 g/mL
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C 77 °F, 100 kPa). Infobox references

Bialaphos is a natural herbicide produced by the bacteria Streptomyces hygroscopicus^[1] and Streptomyces viridochromogenes. It is also known by the ISO common name bilanafos.^[2] Bialaphos is a protoxin and nontoxic as is. When it is metabolized by a plant, the glutamic acid analog glufosinate is released which inhibits glutamine synthetase. This results in the accumulation of ammonium and disruption of primary metabolism.^[3]

Bialaphos is made up of two alanine residues and glufosinate, and is commonly used as a selection marker in plants. Resistance plasmids include pGreenII 0229 and pGreenII 0229 62-SK. pGreenII 0229 is derived from pGreenII 0000, a nos-bar cassette has been inserted into the HpaI site of the left border, providing resistance to bialaphos or phosphinothricin during plant transformation selection. pGreenII 0229 62-SK is derived from pGreenII 0229, the LacZ blue/white cloning selection has been replaced with a 35S-MCS-CaMV cassette that allows the insertion of a gene of interest into a 35S overexpression cassette.^[4]

Referencesedit

^ Murakami, Takeshi; Anzai, Hiroyuki; Imai, Satoshi; Satoh, Atsuyuki; Nagaoka, Kozo; Thompson, Charles J. (1986). "The bialaphos biosynthetic genes of Streptomyces hygroscopicus: Molecular cloning and characterization of the gene cluster". MGG Molecular & General Genetics. 205: 42–53. doi:10.1007/BF02428031. S2CID 32983239.
^ "Compendium of Pesticide Common Names: Bilanafos". BCPC. Retrieved 2024-05-07.
^ Duke, Stephen O.; Dayan, Franck E. (2011). "Modes of Action of Microbially-Produced Phytotoxins". Toxins (Basel). 3 (8): 1038–1064. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.288.3457. doi:10.3390/toxins3081038. PMC 3202864. PMID 22069756.
^ "Bialaphos as plant gene selector" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2012.

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[1] Murakami, Takeshi; Anzai, Hiroyuki; Imai, Satoshi; Satoh, Atsuyuki; Nagaoka, Kozo; Thompson, Charles J. (1986). "The bialaphos biosynthetic genes of Streptomyces hygroscopicus: Molecular cloning and characterization of the gene cluster". MGG Molecular & General Genetics. 205: 42–53. doi:10.1007/BF02428031. S2CID 32983239.

[2] "Compendium of Pesticide Common Names: Bilanafos". BCPC. Retrieved 2024-05-07.

[3] Duke, Stephen O.; Dayan, Franck E. (2011). "Modes of Action of Microbially-Produced Phytotoxins". Toxins (Basel). 3 (8): 1038–1064. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.288.3457. doi:10.3390/toxins3081038. PMC 3202864. PMID 22069756.

[4] "Bialaphos as plant gene selector" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2012.

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