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In phonetics, a bilabial consonant is a labial consonant articulated with both lips.
Frequency
Bilabial consonants are very common across languages. Only around 0.7% of the world's languages lack bilabial consonants altogether, including Tlingit, Chipewyan, Oneida, and Wichita,[1] though all of these have a labial–velar approximant ?pojem=.
Varieties
The bilabial consonants identified by the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) are:
| IPA | Description | Example | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Language | Orthography | IPA | Meaning | ||
| m̥ | voiceless bilabial nasal | Hmong | Hmoob | Hmong | |
| m | voiced bilabial nasal | English | man | man | |
| p | voiceless bilabial plosive | English | spin | spin | |
| b | voiced bilabial plosive | English | bed | bed | |
| p͡ɸ | voiceless bilabial affricate | Kaingang[2] | fy | 'seed' | |
| b͡β | voiced bilabial affricate | Shipibo[3] | boko | 'small intestine' | |
| ɸ | voiceless bilabial fricative | Japanese | 富士山 (fujisan) | Mount Fuji | |
| β | voiced bilabial fricative | Ewe | ɛʋɛ | Ewe | |
| β̞ | bilabial approximant | Spanish | lobo | wolf | |
| ⱱ̟ | voiced bilabial flap | Mono[4] | vwa | 'send' | |
| ʙ̥ | voiceless bilabial trill | Pará Arára[5] | 'to throw away' | ||
| ʙ | voiced bilabial trill | Nias | simbi | lower jaw | |
| pʼ | bilabial ejective stop | Adyghe | пӀэ | meat | |
| ɸʼ | bilabial ejective fricative | Yuchi[6] | ḟasę | 'good evening!' | |
| ɓ̥ | voiceless bilabial implosive | Serer | [example needed] | ||
| ɓ | voiced bilabial implosive | Jamaican Patois | beat | beat | |
| k͡ʘ q͡ʘ ɡ͡ʘ ɢ͡ʘ ŋ͡ʘ ɴ͡ʘ |
bilabial clicks (many distinct consonants) | Nǁng | ʘoe | meat | |
Owere Igbo has a six-way contrast among bilabial stops: .[citation needed]
Other varieties
The extensions to the IPA also define a bilabial percussive ([ʬ] ) for smacking the lips together. A lip-smack in the non-percussive sense of the lips noisily parting would be .[7]
The IPA chart shades out bilabial lateral consonants, which is sometimes read as indicating that such sounds are not possible. The fricatives ɸ and β are often lateral, but since no language makes a distinction for centrality, the allophony is not noticeable.
See alsoedit
Referencesedit
Citationsedit
- ^ Maddieson, Ian (2008), "Absence of Common Consonants", in Haspelmath, Martin; Dryer, Matthew S.; Gil, David; Comrie, Bernard (eds.), The World Atlas of Language Structures Online, Munich: Max Planck Digital Library
- ^ Jolkesky (2009), pp. 680–681.
- ^ Valenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001).
- ^ Olson (2004:233)
- ^ de Souza, Isaac Costa (2010). "3" (PDF). A Phonological Description of "Pet Talk" in Arara (MA). SIL Brazil. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-12. Retrieved 2014-01-09.
- ^ Crawford, James M. (1973). "Yuchi Phonology". International Journal of American Linguistics. 39 (3): 173–179. doi:10.1086/465261. S2CID 224808560.
- ^ Heselwood, Barry (2013). Phonetic Transcription in Theory and Practice. Edinburgh University Press. p. 121. doi:10.3366/edinburgh/9780748640737.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-7486-4073-7. JSTOR 10.3366/j.ctt9qdrqz. S2CID 60269763.
Sourcesedit
- General references
- Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2009), "Fonologia e prosódia do Kaingáng falado em Cacique Doble", Anais do SETA, 3, Campinas: Editora do IEL-UNICAMP: 675–685
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
- McDorman, Richard E. (1999). Labial Instability in Sound Change: Explanations for the Loss of /p/. Chicago: Organizational Knowledge Press. ISBN 0-9672537-0-5.
- Olson, Kenneth S. (2004). "Mono" (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 34 (2): 233–238. doi:10.1017/S0025100304001744.
- Valenzuela, Pilar M.; Márquez Pinedo, Luis; Maddieson, Ian (2001). "Shipibo". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 31 (2): 281–285. doi:10.1017/S0025100301002109.