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Race and ethnicity in New York City
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Since its founding in 1625 by Dutch traders as New Amsterdam, New York City has been a major destination for immigrants of many nationalities who have formed ethnic enclaves, neighborhoods dominated by one ethnicity.^[2][3] Freed African American slaves also moved to New York City in the Great Migration and the later Second Great Migration and formed ethnic enclaves.^[4] These neighborhoods are set apart from the main city by differences such as food, goods for sale, or even language. Ethnic enclaves provide inhabitants security in work and social opportunities,^[2] but limit economic opportunities, do not encourage the development of English speaking, and keep immigrants in their own culture.^[2]

As of 2019^[update], there are 3.1 million immigrants in New York City. This accounts for 37% of the city population and 45% of its workforce.^[5] Ethnic enclaves in New York include Caribbean, Asian, European, Latin American, Middle Eastern and Jewish groups, who immigrated from or whose ancestors immigrated from various countries. As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York.^[6][7][8]

History of immigration to and ethnic enclaves in New York City

New York City was founded in 1625, by Dutch traders as New Amsterdam.^[2] The settlement was a slow growing village, but was diverse. However, the Netherlands never had a large emigrant population, and the colony attracted few Dutch and more people from different ethnic groups.^[3] As early as 1646, 18 languages were spoken in New Amsterdam, and ethnic groups within New Amsterdam included Dutch, Danes, English, Flemish, French, Germans, Irish, Italians, Norwegians, Poles, Portuguese, Scots, Swedes, Walloons, and Bohemians.^[9] The young, diverse village also became a seafarer's town, with taverns and smugglers.^[3] After Peter Stuyvesant became Director, New Amsterdam began to grow more quickly, achieving a population of 1,500, and growing to 2,000 by 1655 and almost to 9,000 in 1664, when the British seized the colony, renaming it New York.^[10]

Colonial New York City was also a center of religious diversity, including one of the first Jewish congregations, along with Philadelphia, Savannah, and Newport, in what was to become the United States.^[11]

African American

The first recorded African Americans were brought to the present-day United States in 1619 as slaves.^[12] In 1780, under British occupation, New York City had approximately 10,000 freed people of African descent, the largest concentration of such people in North America. New York State began emancipating slaves in 1799, and in 1841, all slaves in New York State were freed, and many of New York's emancipated slaves lived in or moved to Fort Greene, Brooklyn.^[13][14] All slaves in the United States were later freed in 1865, with the end of the American Civil War and the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment.^[15] After the Civil War, African Americans left the South, where slavery had been the strongest, in large numbers.^[4] These movements are now known as the Great Migration, during the 1910s and 1920s and the Second Great Migration, from the end of World War II until 1970.^[4][16]

After arriving in New York, the African Americans formed neighborhoods, partially due to racism of the landlords at the time.^[4] The socioeconomic center of these neighborhoods, and all of "Black America", was Harlem, in Northern Manhattan.^[17] Hamilton Heights, on Harlem's western side, was a nicer part of Harlem, and Sugar Hill, named because its inhabitants enjoyed the "sweet life", was the nicest part.^[18][19]

In the 1930s, after the Independent Subway System's Eighth Avenue and Fulton Street subways opened, Harlem residents began to leave crowded Harlem for Brooklyn.^[20] The first neighborhood African Americans moved to in large numbers was Bedford-Stuyvesant, composed of the neighborhoods Bedford, Stuyvesant, Weeksville (which had an established African American community by the time of the New York Draft Riots), and Ocean Hill.^[20] From Bedford-Stuyvesant, African Americans moved into the surrounding neighborhoods, including Crown Heights, East New York and Brownsville.^[21][22] After World War II, "white flight" occurred, in which predominantly white residents moved to the suburbs and were replaced with minority residents. Neighborhoods that experienced this include Canarsie, Flatbush, and East Flatbush.^[23][24][25]

Queens also experienced "white flight".^[26] Jamaica and South Jamaica both underwent ethnic change.^[26] Some of Queens' African American neighborhoods are housing projects or housing cooperatives, such as Queensbridge and LeFrak City.^[27] Other African American neighborhoods include Laurelton,^[28] Cambria Heights,^[29] Hollis,^[30] Springfield Gardens,^[31] and St. Albans.^[26]

The Bronx experienced white flight, which was mostly confined to the South Bronx and mostly in the 1970s.^[32]

Staten Island is home to the oldest continuously settled free-black community in the United States, Sandy Ground. This community along the Southwestern shore of Staten Island was once home to thousands of free-black men and women, who came to Staten Island to work as oystermen.^[33] Members of this community also settled and established communities on the North Shore, such as West New Brighton and Port Richmond after oyster fishing became scarce in 1916. Many African Americans settled in several North Shore communities during the Great Migration, such as Arlington, Mariners Harbor, and New Brighton. Although the black community of Staten Island is mostly dispersed throughout the North Shore of the Island, there are several African Americans living on the South Shore.

Ghanaian

Many Ghanaian people have settled in Concourse Village in the Bronx since an influx of Ghanaians began in the 1980s and 1990s. With over 27,000 in New York City, Ghanaians are the city's largest African immigrant group. Most live in the Bronx, Queens, and Brooklyn. In Concourse Village, the intersection of Sheridan Avenue and McClellan Street is considered the Ghanaian population's center of commerce, but people also socialize in this intersection.^[34]

West African

There is at least one community of West Africans in New York, concentrated in Le Petit Senegal in Harlem, Manhattan.^[35] The enclave is situated on 116th Street between St. Nicholas and 8th Avenues, and is home to a large number of Francophone West Africans.^[36]

An enclave of Liberians developed in Staten Island at the end of the 20th century, following the turbulent Liberian Civil War.^[37]

Caribbean

Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=New_York_City_ethnic_enclaves
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