November 1922 - Biblioteka.sk

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November 1922
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November 28, 1922: Death sentences carried out against five of six Greek leaders including (far right) former Prime Ministers Gounaris, Stratos, and Protopapadakis
November 26, 1922: Howard Carter and Lord Carnarvon become the first persons in more than 3,000 years to enter the Tomb of Tutankhamen
November 17, 1922: The Ottoman Empire comes to an end with the abdication and departure of the last Sultan, Mehmed VI

The following events occurred in November 1922:

November 1, 1922 (Wednesday)

November 2, 1922 (Thursday)

November 3, 1922 (Friday)

November 4, 1922 (Saturday)

  • British archaeologist Howard Carter and his workmen discovered the entrance to the Tomb of Tutankhamun near Al-Uqsur (Luxor) in southern Egypt.[11] Carter would later write that his team had cleared the remains of workmen's huts that had been "used probably by the labourers in the tomb of Rameses" on November 3 and that "Hardly had I arrived on the work next morning than the usual silence, due to the stoppage of the work, made me realize that something extraordinary had happened, and I was greeted with the announcement that a step cut in the rock had been discovered underneath the very first hut to be attacked. This seemed to be good to be true... we were actually in the entrance of a steep cut in the rock, some thirteen feet below the entrance to the tomb of Rameses VI..."[12] Carter sent a telegram to the expedition's sponsor, Lord Carnarvon, that said "At last have made wonderful discovery in Valley; a magnificent tomb with seals intact; re-covered same for your arrival; congratulations."[13]
  • Ahmet Tevfik Pasha, the last Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire, resigned after the Grand National Assembly of Turkey abolished the post along with the sultanate.[14]
  • Former Turkish Interior Minister Ali Kemal was kidnapped from the barber shop of the luxurious Tokatlıyan Hotel in Istanbul on orders of General Nureddin Pasha, the military governor of Izmir.[15]
  • The Alabama Crimson Tide defeated the previously unbeaten Penn Quakers, 9 to 7, a major upset and one of the most important wins in Alabama (and Southern) college football history.[16]
  • Died: John William Gott, 56, British secularist and the last person to be convicted of blasphemy under British law, died less than three months after his release from prison.

November 5, 1922 (Sunday)

November 6, 1922 (Monday)

  • A coal mine explosion killed 79 workers at the Reilly No. 1 Mine in Spangler, Pennsylvania.[22][23][24]
  • Born: Vivian Kellogg, American baseball player with 747 games in the AAGPBL, primarily for the Fort Wayne Daisies; in Jackson, Michigan (d. 2013)
  • Died: Ali Kemal, 53, Turkish journalist and former Ottoman Minister of the Interior, kidnapped two days earlier, was lynched two days after while being transported to the gallows for execution. According to a reporter at the scene, "an angry mob of women pounced on him, attacking him with knives, stones, clubs, tearing at his clothing and slashing his body and head with cutlasses. After a few minutes of excruciating torture the victim expired."[25]

November 7, 1922 (Tuesday)

November 8, 1922 (Wednesday)

  • Economic experts of the Berlin conference submitted a detailed report to the German government advising that Germany declare a two-year moratorium on reparations payments to avoid economic collapse.[28]
  • Born: Christiaan Barnard, South African cardiac surgeon who performed the first successful heart transplant; in Beaufort West (d. 2001)
  • Died: General Juan Carrasco, former Mexican Federal Army general who was leading a revolution to overthrow the government of President Álvaro Obregón, was killed in a battle with the Federales, along with seven of his men, near Guamuchil in Sinaloa state.[29]

November 9, 1922 (Thursday)

  • The French Chamber of Deputies unanimously approved Prime Minister Raymond Poincaré's policy that France should not have to pay its war debts until it collected reparations due from Germany in turn.[30]
  • Scotland Yard police commissioner William Horwood became ill after being poisoned when he ate a box of Walnut Whip chocolates thinking they were a birthday gift from his daughter.[31] London's newspaper, the Daily Mail would leak a key clue kept secret by police in order to prevent false leads, revealing on November 11 that arsenic in the box of chocolates was the cause of the poisoning.[32] The crime was eventually traced to Walter Tatam, a mentally ill man.[33]
  • Born:
  • Died: Lieutenant General Viktor Pokrovsky, 33, one of the surviving leaders of the White Army during the Russian Civil War, was killed by police while in exile in the Bulgarian city of Kyustendil. Pokrovsky reportedly resisted arrest by local law enforcement conducting a murder investigation.[34]

November 10, 1922 (Friday)

  • Irish Republican Army official Erskine Childers was captured by Irish Free State forces as part of the nationwide roundup of IRA members.[35][36] Childers was tried, convicted, and executed by firing squad two weeks later.
  • U.S. Treasury Secretary Andrew Mellon ordered the release of all 20 foreign vessels that had been seized at sea more than three miles from the coast of the United States, reversing a policy that had started on September 13 with the capture by the U.S. Coast Guard of the British schooner M. M. Gardner.[37]
  • As part of the peace settlement of the Turkish victory in the Greco-Turkish War, the formerly Greek city of Sarànta Ekklisiès (Greek for "40 Churches") was turned over to Turkey. Initially renamed "Kırk Kilise" (Turkish for "40 Churches) by the Turks, it received the designation of Kırklareli (Turkish for "The Place of 40") in 1924.

November 11, 1922 (Saturday)

November 12, 1922 (Sunday)

  • The first public demonstration of radiation therapy with x-rays as a means of killing cancer cells was staged at the Crocker Cancer Research Center at Columbia University. "The new X-ray apparatus, built by the General Electric Company," The New York Times wrote, "is so powerful that no one is admitted to the room with it while it is producing rays," and ran on 200,000 electrical volts of current. The Times noted that "this machine can be used with great effectiveness in killing cancer cells in the internal organs. But it will kill other cells, too, and until the technic of its use is developed, there is danger that it will kill the patient as well as the disease, so that for the present at least it will not be used on human beings."[47]
  • Regularly scheduled air service was inaugurated in Japan with a flight by a private carrier, Nippon Koku Yuso Kenkyujo (NKYK) or Japan Air Transport Institute (unrelated to the Japan Air Transport national airline founded in 1928) began flying passengers over Osaka Bay between the airfields of Sakai (in Osaka Prefecture) and Tokushima on Shikoku island.[48]
  • Sigma Gamma Rho Sorority, Incorporated was founded at Butler University in Indianapolis, Indiana.[49]

November 13, 1922 (Monday)

November 14, 1922 (Tuesday)

November 15, 1922 (Wednesday)

November 16, 1922 (Thursday)

  • Benito Mussolini made his first speech as Prime Minister to the Italian Chamber of Deputies, flaunting his power and intimidating his political opponents by saying, "I could have had a tremendous complete victory, but I did not want it. I have imposed on myself certain limitations ... I could have made this grey, toneless Chamber a bivouac for my troops. I could have barred up parliament and formed an exclusively Fascist government. I could have done; but at least for the moment, I did not wish to."[62][63] He added, "I do not want, as long as it is possible for me, to rule against the wishes of Parliament; but Parliament must not forget the peculiar position it is in. I can dissolve Parliament the day after tomorrow just as easily as next year."[64]
  • Wilhelm Cuno accepted President Ebert's invitation to form the next German government.[65][66]
  • Elections for the Grand and General Council were held in the small nation of San Marino, with left-wing parties barred from participation and with a slate of Fascist and centre-right parties running all 60 candidates as the Patriotic Bloc. Voter turnout was only 35 percent, with less than 1,500 of 4,184 registered voters participating. The Sammarinese Fascist Party won control of the 60-member Consiglio Grande e Generale.
  • Born:
  • Died: Max Abraham, 47, German physicist who opposed the validity of Albert Einstein's Theory of Relativity, and whose theory of the structure of the electron was later discredited, died of a brain tumor.

November 17, 1922 (Friday)

  • The Irish Free State Army carried out its first executions under the Public Safety Bill, as four Irish Republican Army (IRA) members, arrested for carrying weapons in violation of the law, were court-martialed and then shot by a firing squad at the Portobello Barracks. The men, sentenced to death rather than a fine or imprisonment for "unauthorized possession of revolvers", were identified as James Fisher, Peter Cassidy, Richard Tuohy and John Gaffney.[67] Irish Minister of Defence Richard Mulcahy said that he had approved the executions and, after a protest by opposition member that "I prophesy there will be the greatest revulsion of feeling against the government and the army," Mulchahy said to applause, "People have to be shot. It was necessary to shock the country into a realization of the grave thing it is to take human life. These men were found in the streets carrying loaded revolvers ready to take the lives of other men. That's the simple case we have to put before the country.".[67] He added "And we may do it again tomorrow. It is time for us to strike. There seems to be no alternative."[68] In response to the executions, the IRA's Chief of Staff would issue an order directing the shooting of any government or military official associated with the Public Safety Bill.
  • The last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, Mehmed VI, departed the Dolmabahçe Palace in Istanbul, boarded the British warship HMS Malaya and went into exile.[69] He insisted he was not abdicating but was merely leaving Turkey for his safety.[70]
  • In Italy, Prime Minister Benito Mussolini and his government won a vote of confidence, 306 to 116.[71]
  • The Swedish Ice Hockey Association (Svenska Ishockeyförbundet or SIF), the governing body of all levels of ice hockey in Sweden, was founded.[72]
  • Born:

November 18, 1922 (Saturday)

  • Republican U.S. Senator Truman H. Newberry, facing expulsion from Congress because of the irregularities in his election and an incoming Senate that was mostly unfavorable to him, resigned from office, effective immediately.[73] Newberry's vacant seat would be filled 11 days later by the appointment of Detroit Mayor James J. Couzens, a Republican, by the Governor of Michigan.[74]
  • Former French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau arrived in the United States for a lecture tour on foreign policy and maintaining peace. Upon his arrival in New York he immediately received a telegram from Woodrow Wilson that read, "Allow me to bid you welcome to America where you will find none but friends."[75]
  • The 60-member Supreme Council of Russian Monarchists concluded its five-day closed door session in Paris and elected Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich, former Commander in Chief of the Imperial Russian Army during World War I, as the successor to Tsar Nicholas II in the event that Russia were to overthrow the Soviet government and restore the monarchy. Grand Duke Nicholas was a cousin of the Tsar Alexander III, the father of the last Tsar.[76]
  • The formerly Greek city of Makrá Géphura, located near Adrianople on the west side of the Bosporous Strait, was returned to Turkish control by the Allies after Adrianople was renamed as Edirne.[citation needed] Makrá Géphura reverted to its Turkish name of Uzunköprü. Both the Greek and Turkish language names referred to the "Long Bridge", at 4,567 feet (1,392 m) in length, the longest stone bridge in the world at the time.
  • Died: Marcel Proust, 51, French novelist and critic known for Remembrance of Things Past (À la recherche du temps perdu), died of a pulmonary abscess and pneumonia.

November 19, 1922 (Sunday)

November 20, 1922 (Monday)

November 21, 1922 (Tuesday)

  • The Conference of Lausanne opened in Switzerland, under the chairmanship of Lord Curzon, in order to form the terms for a peace treaty in Asia Minor to determine the border between Turkey and Greece. The Treaty of Lausanne would be signed on July 24, 1923.[6] On the first day, Benito Mussolini angered Curzon and France's Raymond Poincaré by saying that Italy would support the Turkish demand that Russia participate fully in the conference.[87]
  • Future Republic of Ireland Prime Minister Éamon de Valera narrowly escaped arrest by the Irish Free State Army, and possible execution, when soldiers raided the wrong house because of an incorrect number in the address. De Valera had been at the Dublin house of Count Plunkett, but a half-hour passed before the mistake in the house number was discovered.[88]
  • The first legislative elections in British Burma (now Myanmar) took place for 80 of the 103 seats in the Legislative Council of Burma, with 21 other seats to be appointed by the British governor.
  • Eighty-seven-year-old Rebecca Latimer Felton of Georgia became the first woman to ever serve in the U.S. Senate, although she only served for 24 hours and the appointment was largely symbolic.[89] Felton had enough time to make a speech to her fellow senators, saying, "When the women of the country come in and sit with you, though there may be but a very few in the next few years, I pledge to you that you will get ability, you will get integrity of purpose, you will get patriotism, and you will get unstinted usefulness."[90]
  • Britain's Labour Party elected Ramsay MacDonald as its new leader.[91]
  • The New York Times published its very first article about Adolf Hitler. The article explained Hitler's appeal to Germans, including his vicious anti-Semitism, but reported that "several reliable, well-informed sources confirmed the idea that Hitler's anti-Semitism was not so genuine or violent as it sounded, and that he was merely using anti-Semitic propaganda as bait to catch masses of followers."[92]

November 22, 1922 (Wednesday)

November 23, 1922 (Thursday)

November 24, 1922 (Friday)

  • Abdulmejid II was installed in Constantinople as the Islamic Caliph in a simple ceremony after having been elected by Islamic elders on November 19.[91][99][100][101] The Ottoman Caliphate, nominally the supreme religious and political leadership of all Muslims across the world, would be abolished by Grand National Assembly of Turkey on March 3, 1924.
  • The Colorado River Compact was signed by the Governors of seven U.S. states at a conference in Santa Fe, New Mexico, to regulate the use of the Colorado River, with the Upper Basin states (Colorado, New Mexico, Utah and Wyoming) pledging to not cause the flow of the river not to be depleted below a specified level during any period of ten consecutive years in order to insure an adequate supply to the states down river (Arizona, California and Nevada), and allotting the division of the river's waters in the upper basin (with a majority reserved for Colorado) and in the lower basin (majority allotted to California). The interstate compact came in the wake of the U.S. Supreme Court decision in the case of Wyoming v. Colorado, decided on June 5, 1922, and cleared the way for the construction of the Hoover Dam.
  • Died:

November 25, 1922 (Saturday)edit

  • The bill giving Benito Mussolini's government dictatorial power for a year was passed, 275 to 90.[91][103] The Italian Chamber of Deputies approved granting full power to Mussolini and the cabinet of ministers in financial matters, to expire on December 31, 1923.[104]
  • Born: Shelagh Fraser, English actress; in Purley, London (d. 2000)

November 26, 1922 (Sunday)edit

November 27, 1922 (Monday)edit

November 28, 1922 (Tuesday)edit

  • In Greece, all former cabinet officers and army officials convicted of high treason in the Trial of the Six were executed.[108][109] The British government broke with Greece over the executions.[110] Three former Prime Ministers -- Dimitrios Gounaris, 55; Petros Protopapadakis, 68; Nikolaos Stratos, 50—were shot by a firing squad, along with General Georgios Hatzianestis, 58, for their roles in losing the Greco-Turkish War.
  • Two 23-year-old graduates of Yale University, Henry Luce and Briton Hadden, incorporated Time Inc. for the purpose of publishing a weekly news magazine to be sold across the United States, and commenced fund raising. On March 3, 1923, the first issue of Time magazine was published, followed by the founding of Fortune (1930), Life (1936) and Sports Illustrated (1954). Time, Inc., would merge with Warner Communications in 1990.
  • Skywriting was first done in the United States, over New York City, after having been launched on May 31 in England. In New York, Royal Air Force pilot Cyril Turner (flying at an altitude of 10,000 feet (3,000 m)) wrote "Hello USA" followed by "Call Vanderbilt 7200" (the telephone number for the Vanderbilt Hotel, which received 47,000 phone calls in the next three hours).[111][112]
  • Lake of the Woods County, Minnesota, was created in the United States, after voters in Beltrami County approved the separation of the northern townships (including the "Northwest Angle", the only portion of the contiguous 48 U.S. states to be north of the 49th parallel. With a county seat of Baudette, the new political unit is one of the last new counties to be created in the U.S.
  • The musical stage comedy The Bunch and Judy, starring Fred Astaire opened at the Globe Theatre on Broadway.[113]

November 29, 1922 (Wednesday)edit

Carter and Tutankhamun

November 30, 1922 (Thursday)edit

  • Liam Lynch, the Chief of Staff of the Irish Republican Army, issued the "orders of frightfulness", general orders to IRA members authorizing the assassination of officials of the Irish Free State government as a retaliation for the Free State's execution (under what he referred to as the "Murder Bill") of captured IRA members. Seán Hales, a Teachta Dála (member of Dáil Éireann, the lower house of the Irish parliament) became the first person killed under Lynch's order, seven days later. Lynch's order, titled "Enemy Murder Bill", declared that "All members of the Provisional 'Parliament' who were present and voted for the Murder Bill will be shot at sight. Houses of members... who are known to support Murder Bill will be destroyed. Free State army officers who approve of Murder Bill will be shot at sight; also all ex-British army officers and men who joined the Free State army since 6 December 1921."[117] Lynch's order would last for five months until his shooting by Free State troops on April 10, 1923.
  • The British Ministry of Defence announced that it would withdraw all of its remaining troops from the Irish Free State beginning on December 12 and finishing by January 5, 1923.[88]
  • Abdel Khalek Sarwat Pasha resigned as Prime Minister of Egypt and was succeeded by Mohamed Tawfik Naseem Pasha.[118][119]
  • The United Kingdom closed its network of post offices in China that had been in place for more than 50 years. The offices, located in Amoy (Xiamen), Canton (Guangzhou), Chefoo (Yantai), Foochow (Fuzhou), Hankow (Hankou), Kiungchow (Qiongzhou), Ningpo (Ningbo), Shanghai, Swatow (Shantou), and Tientsin (Tianjin) had the authority to issue their own postage stamps and shipped mail to Hong Kong for forwarding.
  • At least 17 people were killed in battles between police and protesters in Mexico City as an angry mob tried to storm city hall and started a fire in anger over water rationing.[120][121]
  • Hsuan Tung, the 17-year old former Emperor of China, married 16-year old Gobulo Wanrong in an elaborate ceremony in the Forbidden City section of Beijing, held by the government despite the abolition of the monarchy.[122]
  • A crowd of 50,000 heard Adolf Hitler speak at a Nazi Party rally in Munich.[91]
  • Born: John Raymond Smythies, British neuroscientist, in Nainital, United Provinces, British India (d. 2019)
  • Died:
    • James R. Mann, 66, U.S. Representative for Illinois since 1897, best known for authorship of the White-Slave Traffic Act of 1910, better-known as the "Mann Act", making the transportation of a woman across state lines for immoral purposes punishable as a federal crime.[123]
    • René Cresté, 40, French actor and director, died of tuberculosis
    • Samuel Marx, 55, American politician who had won the November 7 election to represent the 19th Congressional District for New York, died of heart failure 23 days after his victory.[124]
    • George Auger, 40, Welsh-born performer with the Barnum and Bailey Circus who was billed as "The Cardiff Giant" and claimed to be 8 feet, 4 inches tall, died of indigestion at the home of friends in New York City.[125] Auger, who probably stood no taller than 7'5", died just before he was to become a movie actor as a key figure in Harold Lloyd's comedy Why Worry?.[126]

Referencesedit

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  3. ^ "Liberals Win Out in Cuba Election", AP report in Asbury Park (NJ) Press, November 2, 1922, p. 2
  4. ^ "Murguia Executed, Seized in a Church", The New York Times, November 2, 1922, p. 1
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  7. ^ Schultz, Sigrid (November 4, 1922). "Germany Racing to Ruin; Marks, 5,156 for $1". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 5.
  8. ^ Conventio eum republica Lettoniae, Acta Apostolicae Sedis, Volume 14 (1922), p. 581
  9. ^ "Puss in Boots (1922)" Internet Movie Database
  10. ^ "Ambushed Officers Kill Jack Kennedy And Pal After Missouri Train Robbery", The New York Times, November 4, 1922, p. 1
  11. ^ "Nov 4 – This Day in History". History. A+E Networks. Retrieved June 15, 2015.
  12. ^ Howard Carter and A. C. Mace, The Tomb of Tut-ankh-Amen (Cassell Limited, 1923) p. 87
  13. ^ Bill Price, Tutankhamun, Egypt's Most Famous Pharaoh (Pocket Essentials, 2007) pp. 119–128
  14. ^ "Turk Cabinet Members Resign; Tewfik Bey and Said Bey Only Members to Give Up Posts Despite Pressure Against Sultanate", Associated Press report in The Johnson City (TN) Staff, November 5, 1922, p. 1
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  19. ^ "Polish Elections Won by Radicals; Socialists, Peasants and Non-Polish Deputies Will Control the Diet", The New York Times, November 8, 1922, p. 8
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  121. ^ "Report Fifty Killed in Mexico City Riot; Police Pour Machine-Gun Volleys Into Parade Protesting Against Water Famine", The New York Times, December 1, 1922, p. 1
  122. ^ "Boy Emperor Weds With Chinese Pomp", The New York Times, December 3, 1922, p. 8
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