Association of American Universities - Biblioteka.sk

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Association of American Universities
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Association of American Universities
FormationFebruary 28, 1900; 124 years ago (1900-02-28)[1]
Founded atChicago, Illinois, U.S.
Type501(c)(3) nonprofit organization[2]
52-1945674[2]
HeadquartersWilliam T. Golden Center for Science and Engineering, Washington, D.C., U.S.
Location
    • United States
    • Canada
Coordinates38°54′01″N 77°01′42″W / 38.90028°N 77.02833°W / 38.90028; -77.02833
Membership
71
President
Barbara Snyder[3]
Chair
Carol Folt
Websitewww.aau.edu Edit this at Wikidata

The Association of American Universities (AAU) is an organization of American research universities devoted to maintaining a strong system of academic research and education. Founded in 1900, it consists of 71 public and private universities in the United States as well as two universities in Canada. AAU membership is by invitation only and requires an affirmative vote of three-quarters of current members.

Organization

The AAU was founded on February 28, 1900, by a group of 14 Doctor of Philosophy degree-granting universities[a] in the United States to strengthen and standardize American doctoral programs.[1] American universities—starting with University of Michigan and Johns Hopkins University in 1876—were adopting the research-intensive German model of higher education. Lack of standardization damaged European universities' opinions of their American counterparts and many American students attended graduate school in Europe instead of staying in the U.S. The presidents of Harvard University, Columbia University, Johns Hopkins University, the University of Chicago, and the University of California sent a letter of invitation to nine other universities—Clark University, Catholic University of America, Cornell University, the University of Michigan, Princeton University, the University of Pennsylvania, Stanford University, the University of Wisconsin, and Yale University—to meet in Chicago in February 1900 to promote and raise standards.[4] The AAU's founding members elected Harvard's Charles William Eliot as the association's first president[1] and Stanford's David Starr Jordan as its first chairman.[5]

In 1914, the AAU began accrediting undergraduate education at its member and other schools. German universities used the "AAU Accepted List" to determine whether a college's graduates were qualified for graduate programs. Regional accreditation agencies existed in the U.S. by the 1920s, and the AAU ended accrediting schools in 1948.[6]

For its first six decades, the AAU functioned as a club for the presidents and deans of elite research universities to informally discuss educational matters, and its day-to-day operations were managed by an executive secretary.[7] In the 1970s, the AAU shifted to a role of active advocacy on behalf of its members' interests; dues were raised, more staff members were hired, and its chief executive was given the title of president and the duty of becoming far more publicly visible than his predecessors.[8]

Today, the AAU consists of 71 U.S. and Canadian universities of varying sizes and missions that share a commitment to research. The organization's primary purpose is to provide a forum for the development and implementation of institutional and national policies in order to strengthen programs in academic research, scholarship, and education at the undergraduate, graduate, and professional levels.

Benefits

The largest attraction of the AAU for many schools, especially nonmembers, is prestige. Since the AAU's founding, it has "been a grouping of the elite in the American university world", and "ew presidents of nonmember universities often list gaining admission to the AAU as a goal of their administration."[7] For example, in 2010 the chancellor of nonmember North Carolina State University described it as "the pre-eminent research-intensive membership group. To be a part of that organization is something N.C. State aspires to."[9] A spokesman for nonmember University of Connecticut called it "perhaps the most elite organization in higher education. You'd probably be hard-pressed to find a major research university that didn't want to be a member of the AAU."[10] In 2012, the newly elected chancellor of University of Massachusetts Amherst, a nonmember of AAU, reaffirmed the objective of elevating the campus to AAU standards and the hope of becoming a member in the near future, and called it a distinctive status.[11] Because of the lengthy and difficult entrance process, boards of trustees, state legislators, and donors often see membership as evidence of the quality of a university.[9]

The AAU acts as a lobbyist at its headquarters in Washington, DC, for research and higher education funding and for policy and regulatory issues affecting research universities. The association holds two meetings annually, both in Washington. Separate meetings are held for university presidents, provosts, and other officials. Because the meetings are private, they offer the opportunity for discussion without media coverage. Prominent government officials, business leaders, and others often speak to the groups.[9]

Presidents

Executive Term
Thomas A. Bartlett 1977–1982
Robert M. Rosenzweig 1983–1993
Cornelius J. Pings 1993–1998
Nils Hasselmo 1998–2006
Robert M. Berdahl 2006–2011
Hunter R. Rawlings III 2011–2016
Mary Sue Coleman 2016–2020
Barbara Snyder 2020–present

Statistics

As of 2004, AAU members accounted for 58 percent[b] of U.S. universities' research grants and contract income and 52 percent of all doctorates awarded in the United States. Since 1999, 43 percent of all Nobel Prize winners and 74 percent of winners at U.S. institutions have been affiliated with an AAU university. Approximately two-thirds of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 2006 Class of Fellows are affiliated with an AAU university. The faculties at AAU universities include 2,993 members of the United States National Academies (82 percent of all members): the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine (2004).[12]

  • Undergraduate students: 1,044,759; 7 percent nationally
  • Undergraduate degrees awarded: 235,328; 17 percent nationally
  • Graduate students: 418,066; 20 percent nationally
  • Master's degrees awarded: 106,971; 19 percent nationally
  • Professional degrees awarded: 20,859; 25 percent nationally
  • Doctorates awarded: 22,747; 52 percent nationally
  • Postdoctoral fellows: 30,430; 67 percent nationally
  • Students studying abroad: 57,205
  • National Merit/Achievement Scholars (2004): 5,434; 63 percent nationally
  • Faculty: approximately 72,000

Membership

AAU membership is by invitation only, which requires an affirmative vote of three-fourths of current members. Invitations are considered periodically, based in part on an assessment of the breadth and quality of university programs of research and graduate education, as well as undergraduate education. The association ranks its members using four criteria: research spending, the percentage of faculty who are members of the National Academies, faculty awards, and citations. Non-member universities whose research and education profile exceeds that of a number of current members may be invited to join the association; current members whose research and education profile falls significantly below that of other current members or below the criteria for admission of new members will be subject to further review and possible discontinuation of membership.[13] A vote by two-thirds of the member institutions can revoke membership for poor rankings.[14][15] As of 2022 annual dues are $139,500.[16] All 69 U.S. members of the AAU are also classified as Highest Research Activity (R1) Universities by the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, as are three of the five former AAU members.

Current members

Zdroj:https://en.wikipedia.org?pojem=Association_of_American_Universities
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Institution[17] State or province Control Established Year joined Total students Medical school[18][19]
(LCME accredited)
Engineering program[20]
(ABET accredited)
Land-Grant Institution[21]
(NIFA)
Federally funded R&D exp.[22]

(Dollars in thousands)

Arizona State University Arizona Public 1885 2023 144,800 Red XN Green tickY Red XN 274,541
Boston University Massachusetts Private 1839 2012 36,729 Green tickY Green tickY Red XN 402,443
Brandeis University Massachusetts Private 1948 1985 5,808 Red XN Red XN Red XN 52,147
Brown University Rhode Island Private 1764 1933 8,619 Green tickY Green tickY Red XN 198,574
California Institute of Technology California Private 1891 1934 2,231 Red XN Green tickY Red XN 293,197
Carnegie Mellon University Pennsylvania Private 1900 1982 12,908 Red XN Green tickY Red XN 234,993
Case Western Reserve University Ohio Private 1826 1969 12,201 Green tickY Green tickY Red XN 340,438
Columbia University New York Private 1754 1900 29,250 Green tickY Green tickY Red XN 831,648
Cornell University New York Private 1865 1900 21,904 Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY 592,359
Dartmouth College New Hampshire Private 1769 2019[23] 6,571 Green tickY Green tickY Red XN 152,335
Duke University North Carolina Private 1838 1938 14,600 Green tickY Green tickY Red XN 776,632
Emory University Georgia Private 1836 1995 14,513 Green tickY Red XN[c] Red XN 515,940
George Washington University District of Columbia Private 1821 2023 26,457 Green tickY Green tickY Red XN 161,349
Georgia Institute of Technology Georgia Public 1885 2010 29,370 Red XN Green tickY Red XN 852,319
Harvard University Massachusetts Private 1636 1900 21,000 Green tickY Green tickY Red XN 616,589
Indiana University Bloomington Indiana Public 1820 1909 42,731 Red XN[d] Green tickY[25] Red XN 326,326
Johns Hopkins University Maryland Private 1876 1900 23,073 Green tickY Green tickY Red XN 2,774,643
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Massachusetts Private 1861 1934 11,319 Red XN Green tickY Green tickY[e] 483,526
McGill University Quebec Public 1821 1926 36,904 Green tickY Green tickY Red XN N/A
Michigan State University Michigan Public 1855 1964 51,316 Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY 349,889
New York University New York Private 1831 1950 61,950 Green tickY Green tickY Red XN 547,027
Northwestern University Illinois Private 1851 1917 21,208 Green tickY Green tickY Red XN 572,975
Ohio State University Ohio Public 1870 1916 60,540 Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY 559,797
Pennsylvania State University Pennsylvania Public 1855 1958 45,518 Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY 622,532
Princeton University New Jersey Private 1746 1900 8,010 Red XN Green tickY Red XN 205,000
Purdue University Indiana Public 1869 1958 52,211 Red XN Green tickY Green tickY 295,278
Rice University Texas Private 1912 1985 8,212 Red XN Green tickY Red XN 125,106
Rutgers University–New Brunswick New Jersey Public 1766 1989 41,565 Green tickY[27] Green tickY Green tickY 339,015
Stanford University California Private 1891 1900 15,877 Green tickY Green tickY Red XN 811,183
Stony Brook University New York Public 1957 2001 26,814 Green tickY Green tickY Red XN 162,972
Texas A&M University Texas